Tsakxa pronouns

Pronouns in Tsakxa mark case and number regularly.

Personal pronouns

Personal pronouns do not change for gender, but have emphatic and vocative forms, in addition to taking the same case clitics as nouns.

Basic forms

These forms are used in all contexts in which the other pronouns cannot be used. They are used when the pronoun is an argument of a verb, except when the pronoun is serving as topic or focus:

	Singular	Dual	Plural
First person	su	su-f	su-wa
Second person	uʔ	uʔ-ef	u-wa
Third person	aʔ	aʔ-ef	aʔ-uwa

These pronouns can then have the case suffixes applicable to Tsakxa nouns attached to them, as in u-wa-kxa (we deliberately), u-wa-ta (with us).

Emphatic pronouns

These pronouns are used in topical (i.e. initial) position:

	Singular	Dual	Plural
First person	a-su	a-s-ef	a-swa
Second person	as-uʔ	as-uf	a-wa
Third person	as-aʔ	as-af	a-swa

For example:

A-su-ø se-pesh-as - if I were a rich man

A-swa tas-tas-el ta-ma - he's definitely looking at us

Vocative forms

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Second person	et-uʔ	et-uf	et-wa

The vocative forms are used to call attention to the speaker. For example:

Et-uf! - You two!

Demonstrative pronouns

	Distance from speaker
	this	that	yonder
Ergative	nxu	ep	e
Absolutive	nxa	a	ate
Adverbial	(s-)u-	(s-)a-	(s-)e-

The ergative and absolutive demonstratives are used as would be expected, whilst the adverbial demonstratives are used as a base for locative and other case markings.

Ep - That thing

U-atqe - Under that thing

The prefix s- + adverbial + locative suffix creates pronouns with the meaning of 'the thing (preposition) that thing':

Su-atqe - the thing under that thing