Kala thematic lexicon

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See also: Kala Lexicon

Particles / Articles

  • ke - definite article / topic marker / accusative particle (non-obligatory, used for specificity)
  • kya - jussive particle (placed before the phrase)
  • ya - vocative particle (placed before the noun being addressed)

Pronouns

Nominative Accusative Possessive Reflexive Reciprocal
1st sing na ena nayo na'i
2nd sing ta eta tayo ta'i
3rd sing ha eha hayo ha'i
1st plu nam enam namyo nami nanku
1st plu (EXCL) na'am ena'am na'amyo na'ami na'anku
2nd plu tam etam tamyo tami tanku
3rd plu kam ekam kamyo kami kanku

Other pronouns

  • tla - a fourth person pronoun, used for all inanimate and abstract nouns, tla inflects in the same way that all other pronouns do
  • itla - this (here)
  • uatla - that (here)

Correlatives

query this that some none any every whichever
adjective ka itla uatla iha ak ula kua ote
person ko...ka iko uako ihako hok kola kohua oteko
thing no...ka itla uatla ihano nok nola nokua oteno
time ama/tsima...ka ima uama ihama amak amala kuama otema
place mo...ka hina uana ihamo mok mola mokua otemo
way to...ka yoto uato ihato tok tola tokua oheto
amount ku/o...ka iku uaku ihaku huk/ok kula hukua/okua oteku
reason nye...ka inye uanye ihanye nyek ulanye nyekua otenye
kind su...ka isu uasu ihasu suk sula sukua otesu

Conjunctions

  • ma - and, also, as well
  • hema...ma - both...and...
  • ua - or, other, either
  • uak - nor, neither
  • ehe - but, however
  • iya - if, whether
  • ke / uama - then
  • nye - because, in order that, so that
  • nke - and though; although; even though

Affirmation and Negation

  • uala - actually, indeed / verily, truly
  • tokua - by all means
  • tok - by no means
  • a - yes / certainly, evidently, of course
  • ak - no, not
  • eya - perhaps, maybe, possibly
  • apa - probably

Verbs

basic

  • a - to be, exist
  • munta - become, change, alter
  • muya - cause to, make, do
  • myonta - let, allow, permit to
  • heta - must, should, need to
  • ueha - want to, intend to
  • pala - can, could, am able to

simple movement

  • sapua - arrive
  • tala - come (back), return
  • yala - depart, leave, go, walk
  • eka - enter, come/go in
  • yese - exit, come/go out
  • itola - fall, drop
  • olo - fly, move through air
  • tapya - follow, continue, go on
  • topu - jump
  • hoya - raise, rise, lift
  • tlani - roll, revole
  • hatsu - run
  • sima - sit, recline, rest
  • tsamu - stand, be upright, rise to one's feet
  • uku - stop, wait
  • saka - swim, move through water

change

weather

  • tonya - freeze, solidify
  • pana - rain, moisten, humidify
  • nyahi - snow [white]
  • sama - shine [sun, solar]

biological actions

  • nasa - be born
  • sinu - die
  • inu - drink
  • ina - eat
  • anu - hear, listen
  • asa - live
  • heta - need
  • anya - see, look
  • moku - sleep
  • taki - taste, like, enjoy
  • yanta - waken, awaken

Food

Fruits

  • sakua - apple
  • melonka - apricot
  • kilatsi - cherry
  • hasukanu - date, fig
  • punka - fruit
  • enapa - grapes
  • ntimu - lemon
  • sokuya - lime
  • kapunu - melon
  • setona - olive
  • putoka - orange
  • takolo - peach
  • kolapi - pear
  • matsatli - pineapple
  • etlika - plum
  • malina - raspberry
  • yakota - (straw)berry

Vegetables

  • kusupu - artichoke
  • asino - asparagus
  • tlopya - bean
  • tohi - cabbage / broccoli / cauliflower
  • ha'utsu - carrot
  • apyoma - celery
  • suani - chives
  • o'i - cucumber
  • nopilo - garlic
  • hyantso - herbs
  • etesa - lentil
  • tletsuka - lettuce
  • hakuni - mint
  • kopa - mushroom
  • kasuma - onion
  • metanoso - parsley
  • uansu - pea
  • ahiya - potato
  • kapotsa - pumpkin
  • tlapanu - radish
  • nyokutsu - sage
  • teleta - spinach
  • sitomatla - tomato
  • salatsa - turnip
  • napaka - grain
  • sayeli - barley
  • kanka - maize, corn
  • yolapu - oats
  • nyoma - rice
  • sikali - rye
  • mpoka - vegetable
  • kenime - wheat

Meals

  • x - meal, dinner
  • x - breakfast
  • x - lunch
  • x - supper
  • x - food
  • x - dessert
  • x - salad
  • x - soup
  • x - stew

Meats

  • x - meat
  • x - bacon
  • x - beef
  • x - chicken
  • x - cut
  • x - fat
  • x - mutton
  • x - pork
  • x - rib
  • x - roast
  • x - sausage
  • x - steak

Other Foods

  • x - biscuit
  • x - bread
  • x - cake
  • x - flour
  • x - roll
  • x - butter
  • x - cheese
  • x - cream
  • x - egg
  • x - omelet
  • x - honey
  • x - jam
  • x - mustard
  • x - oil
  • x - pepper
  • x - salt
  • x - sauce
  • x - sugar
  • x - vinegar

Beverages

  • x - beverage
  • x - alcohol
  • x - beer
  • x - brandy
  • x - coffee
  • x - milk
  • x - soda water
  • x - tea
  • x - wine

The Table

  • x - cup
  • x - glass
  • x - plate, dish
  • x - saucer
  • x - platter
  • x - fork
  • x - knife
  • x - spoon
  • x - napkin
  • x - tablecloth

The Kitchen

  • x - basin, bowl
  • x - bottle
  • x - coffee pot
  • x - frying pan
  • x - jug
  • x - kettle
  • x - lid
  • x - pot
  • x - saucepan, pan
  • x - scale, measure
  • x - teapot

Drink

  • inu - drink
  • inupan - drinkable
  • kaua - coffee
  • tsai - tea
  • hali - milk
  • maya - water
  • ka'asu - juice

Kinship terms

Direct

  • otahaka - great-grandfather
  • onahaka - great-grandmother
  • otaha - grandfather / great-uncle
  • onaha - grandmother / great-aunt
  • ota - father / uncle
  • ona - mother / aunt
  • otaua - brother / cousin
  • onaua - sister / cousin
  • ota’i - son / nephew
  • ona’i - daughter / niece
  • ota’iha - grandson
  • ona’iha - granddaughter

Indirect

  • tla’ota husband
  • tla’ona wife
  • po’ota father-in-law
  • po’ona mother-in-law
  • po’ona’i daughter-in-law
  • po’otaua brother-in-law
  • po’onaua sister-in-law
  • tla'ota’i - stepson
  • tla'ona’i - stepdaughter

Numbers

Cardinal

  • e'o - zero / nothing
  • na'o - one
  • ta'o - two
  • ha'o - three
  • ma'o - four
  • ya'o - five
  • tsa'o - six
  • ka'o - seven
  • pa'o - eight
  • sa'o - nine
  • ue'o - ten
  • nye'o - 10^2
  • tle'o - 10^3
  • mue'o - 10^4
  • kye'o - 10^5
  • nte'o - 10^6

Higher Numbers

  • uena'o - eleven / 11
  • taue'o - twenty / 20
  • nyeka'o - one hundred seven / 107
  • hanyetauetsa'o (long form) | hatatsa'o (short form) - three hundred twenty six / 326
  • tsatletauema'o - six thousand and twenty four / 6024

Ordinals, Negatives, Fractions etc.

  • ki- - ordinal prefix
Example : kisa'o - ninth (in a sequence)
Example : kiyanyepa'o - 508th
  • ti- - multiple prefix
Example : tisa'o - nine times
Example : tiyanyepa'o - 508 times
  • i- - fractional prefix
Example : isa'o - a ninth, 1/9
Example : iha'o te pa'o - three eighths, 3/8 [lit: a third of eight]
  • -k - negative/subtractive suffix
Example : sa'ok - negative nine (-9)
Example : ue'o ma sa'ok na'o a - 10 and -9 is 1

Time

Days of the Week

  • The Kala week begins on Thursday.
  • nayoma - Thursday
  • tayoma - Friday
  • yomha - Saturday
  • mayoma - Sunday
  • yomya - Monday
  • tsayoma - Tuesday
  • kayoma - Wednesday

Calendar

The Kala calendar is modeled after the Baha'i Calendar.

  • Based on this calendar, Cinco de Mayo would be yoma pa'o te sayo ha'o, or Day 8 of Month 3.


No. English Kala
1 January na'oku
2 February ta'oku
3 March ha'oku
4 April ma'oku
5 May ya'oku
6 June tsa'oku
7 July ka'oku
8 August pa'oku
9 September sa'oku
10 October ue'oku
11 November uenaku
12 December uetaku

Colors

  • akai - red
  • otliyo - orange
  • yana - yellow
  • kuya - green
  • tsuku - blue
  • tlaku - indigo, violet, purple
  • nyahi - white, pale
  • oya - black, dark
  • yehi - clear

Toponyms

  • apika - Africa
  • yatsa'ila - Algeria - tsayela - Algers
  • ankola - Angola - tlo'anta - Luanda
  • penina - Benin - hokupono - Porto Novo
  • antakutika - Antarctica
  • atsa - Asia
  • osutaliya - Australia
  • yolopa - Europe
  • amelika kita - North Amerika
  • kanata - Canada - otaua - Ottawa
  • kupa - Cuba - hauana - Havana
  • hanya te tolom (Nation of States) - USA - uasiton - Washington DC
  • amelika mina - South Amerika

Index

grammar outline | sentences | questions | lexicon | thematic lexicon | writing