Kala lexicon
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Main Article: Kala
- See also: Thematic Lexicon
General Lexica
- The majority of lexical units in Kala can have multiple roles.
- Most have a primary role, such as verb, noun or adjective, but almost all can serve in at least two roles.
- Because of this, this list is sorted alphabetically and not by part of speech or category.
- Abbreviations used:
- adj. - adjective
- adv. - adverb
- art. - article
- conj. - conjunction
- det. - determiner
- inter. - interjection
- n. - noun
- num. - number
- part. - particle
- prep. - preposition
- pron. - pronoun
- v. - verb
- Note: All Japanese borrowings are recorded using Hiragana regardless of original reading, i.e. On'yomi, Kun'yomi, or other readings.
k
- k - -ㄱ - from Nahuatl ah- - suf. indicates negative of any verb or a lack of a noun
- Compare: na ke mihu yoha - I have a cat. | na ke mihuk yoha - I have no cat. | na ke mihu yohak - I do not have a cat.
- ka - 가 - from Japanese か - part. interrogative particle, placed at the end of interrogative phrase
- Example: mo ta yala ka - Where are you going?
- kala - 가라 - from Arabic كلم - n. language | v. to speak, say, talk
- kam - 감 - from Arabic هم - pron. third person singular
- kampa - 감바 - from Japanese かんぱい - inter. Cheers! | common toast used when drinking in company
- kama - 가마 - from Lithuanian kaimas - n. village, town, borough | city, municipality
- kamala - 가마라 - from Arabic قمر - n. moon, lunar body | any substantially sized natural satellite of a planet
- kamusa - 가므사 - from Arabic قاموس - n. dictionary, lexicon | publication that explains the meanings of an ordered list of words
- kasuma - 가스마 - from Alabama kasooma - n. onion, used as vegetable and spice
- ka'e - 가어 - from Czech k - prep. to, toward(s), at / in the direction of, and arriving at
- Example: ha ka'e tsaka yalaye - She went to(ward) the house.
- ka'o - 가오 - (七) - num. cardinal number 7
- kaua - 가우 - from Arabic قهوة - n. coffee
- kyampi - 걈비 - from Swahili kiambishi - n. affix, that which is affixed | linguistics: a bound morpheme added to a word’s stem
- ke - 거 - from multiple que - art. the / a | conj. than / that; connects comparisons and acts as an indefinite pronoun | part. topic marker, accusative case; a grammatical marker preceding the direct object
- Examples: ke tsaka - The house. | na ke tsaka anyaye - I saw the house. | ke tsaka nayo - The house is mine. / My house.
- ketla - 거타 - adj./n. red, having red as its color (see also aka'i)
- kye'o - 겨오 - num. cardinal number 100,000
- ko - 고 - from Japanese こ - n. person, human, individual | suf. agentive suffix indicating doer or possessor of trait
- koto - 고도 - from Japanese 鼓 - n. drum (instrument) | v. to beat a drum (beat, top, strike)
- kompo - 곰보 - from Ainu コンボ - n. seaweed, marine plants and algae
- kua - 구 - from Mandarin 侇 - adv./det./n. all / each / every
- kuama - 구마 - from Kala kua + ama - adv. always, forever | eternal
- kuatla - 구타 - from Nahuatl coatl - n. snake, serpent
- kuetsa - 규자 - from Zapotec gueza - n. cigarette
- ku - 그 - n. number / amount / digit, numeral (see also o)
- kuna - 그나 - from multiple kuna - n. excrement, shit, dung | v. to shit, defecate
- kuma - 그마 - from Japanese くま - n. bear, ursine / large mammal of family Ursidae
- kipo - 기보 - from Japanese きぼう - n./v. (to) hope, aspire / aspiration
- kiso - 기소 - from Japanese きそ - adj./n. base / basic / basis / foundation / ground / root
n
- nkata - 은가다 - from Swahili mkataba - n. agreement; understanding between individuals | v. agree, concur, assent
- nkapa - 은가바 - from Warlpiri ngapa - n. alcohol, grog
- nkono - 은고노 - from Swahili ngono - n. act of sexual intercourse | v. to have sex with
- ntsompo - 은좀보 - from Chichewa mchombo - n. navel, belly button, remnant of umbilical cord
- na - 나 - from Arabic انا - pro. first person singular | suf. feminine gender
- naka - 나가 - from Hebrew נקבה - n. woman, female
- na'o - 나오 (一) - num. cardinal number 1
- naha - 나하 - from Hebrew נהר - n. river, stream | v. to stream, flow in a continuous or steady manner
- nahe - 나허 - from German nach - prep. during / hence / in / inside / into / within
- nye'o - 녀오 (百) - num. cardinal number 100
t
- ta - 다 - from Arabic انت - pro. second person singular | suf. masculine gender
- ta'o - 다오 (二) - num. cardinal number 2
- taha - 다하 - from CJK 大 - adj. big, grand, large
- tima - 디마 - from Proto-Semitic dam - n. blood, vital liquid flowing in animal bodies | v. bleed; lose blood through an injured blood vessel
l
m
- m - -ㅁ - from Hebrew ־ים - suf. indicates plural of nouns (often omitted, most especially when other words indicating amount are present)
- mpana - 음바나 - from Swahili mpana - adj. broad, wide | n. width
- ma - 마 - from Maori mā - conj. and, also, as well | v. to add / plus
- ma'o - 마오 (四) - num. cardinal number 4
- mue'o - 뮤오 - (万) - num. cardinal number 10,000
- mahala - 마하라 - from Arabic محل - n. shop, store; place where items can be purchased
p
- pa - 바 - suf. abilitative modal suffix, appended to verbs
- Example: I go - na yala | I can go / I am able to go - na yalapa
- pako - 바고 - from Tagalog bago - adj. new, fresh, recent
- pato - 바도 - from Spanish pato - n. duck , aquatic bird of the family Anatidae
- pa'o - 바오 - (八) - num. cardinal number 8
s
- sa - 사 - from Proto-Semitic salam - n. peace, tranquility, quiet | v. to be peaceful, tranquil, quiet
- sama - 사마 - from Proto-Semitic samsh - adj. solar | n. sun, any star, especially when seen as the center of any single solar system
- sa'o - 사오 - (九) - num. cardinal number 9
- sahala - 사하라 - from Arabic صحراء - n. desert, barren area of land or desolate terrain
a
- a - 아 - from Japanese ある - adv. yes | v. to be, exist
- akala - 아가라 - from Spanish agalla - n. gill, lung, breathing organ
- aki - 아기 - from Japanese あき - n. fall, autumn
- ahi - 아히 - from Kala a & hi - adj. small, little | v. to be small
ya
- yane - 야너 - from Arabic بجانب - prep. along, beside, next to, adjacent to
- yala - 야라 - from Arabic ياالله - v. go, walk, travel
- ya'o - 야오 - (五) - num. cardinal number 5
e
- eya - 어야 - adv./n. maybe (indicating a lack of certainty) / perhaps that is true (pro-sentence) | something that is possibly true
- e'o - 어오 - (〇) - num. cardinal number 0 / nothing / the absence of an amount
ye
- ye - 여 - from Spanish ayer - suf. simple past tense
- Derivations: anyoye - last year | yomaye - yesterday | aye - the past
o
- o - 오 - part. honorific article, used to show deference to topic or direct object | n. number / amount / digit, numeral (see also ku)
yo
- yo - 요 - from Mandarin 有 - suf. pronominal possessive
- Example: nayo - my / mine
- yoha - 요하 - from Mandarin 有 - v. have, possess
- Example: na tsala yoha - I have sauce.
ua
- ua - 우 - from Aramaic או - adj./adv./conj./det. or / other / either | aff. attached to ota or ona indicates male or female sibling relationship respectively
- uanata - 우나다 - from Kala ua + nata - n. sibling, one's brother or sister
- ua'e - 우어 - from Old Irish úa - prep. on, upon / on top of / above / about, concerning
ue
- ue'o - 유오 - (十) - num. cardinal number 10
u
- ute - 으더 - from Norwegian ute - prep. out / outside / out of
i
- i - 이 - aff. prefixed to cardinal numbers to create the fractional | suffixed to familial terms to create the junior or child form
- Examples: ue'o - ten > iue'o - a tenth | ota - father > ota'i - boy, son, nephew
ts
- tsaka - 자가 - from Chickasaw/Choctaw chuka - n. house, home, dwelling, abode
- tsala - 자라 - from multiple salsa - n. paste, sauce
- tsapa - 자바 - from Turkish çaba - n./v. struggle, endeavor
- tsa'o - 자오 - (六) - num. cardinal number 6
- tsa'i - 자이 - from Turkish çay - n. tea
- tsuku - 즈그 - adj./n. blue, having blue as its color
- tsikua - 지구 - from Cherokee ᏥᏍᏆ - n. bird, member of the class of animals Aves
tl
- tlaka - 타가 - from Nahuatl tlacatl - n. man | adj. male, masculine
- tlela - 터라 - adj./v. clean, wash
- tle'o - 터오 - (千) - num. cardinal number 1000
h
- ha'o - 하오 - (三) - num. cardinal number 3
- hina - 히나 - from Arabic هنا - adj./adv./n. here / this place
