Proto-Kunnu-lūjungo
| Proto-Kunnurūjungo | |
|---|---|
| Pronounced: | /-kunːu*ruːdʒuŋːo/ |
| Timeline and Universe: | |
| Species: | Human |
| Spoken: | |
| Total speakers: | |
| Writing system: | |
| Genealogy: | |
| Typology | |
| Morphology: | Agglutinative |
| Morphosyntax: | Ergative |
| Word order: | SOV |
| Credits | |
| Creator: | Qwynegold |
| Created: | April 2010 |
Phonology
Phoneme inventory
| Consonants | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bilabial | Labiod. | Alveolar | Post-alv. | Velar | Glottal | |||||||||||
| Nasal | /m/ | /n/ | /ŋ/ | |||||||||||||
| Plain Plosive | /p/ | [b] | /t/ | [d] | /k/ | [ɡ] | ||||||||||
| Asp. or Gem. Plosive | /pː/ | /pʰ/ | /tː/ | /tʰ/ | /kː/ | /kʰ/ | ||||||||||
| Plain Fricative | /f/ | /s/ | /z/ | /ʃ/ | /ʒ/ | /h/ | ||||||||||
| Long Fricative | /sː/ | |||||||||||||||
| Affricate | /ts/ | /tʃ/ | /dʒ/ | |||||||||||||
| Rhotic | /*r/1 | |||||||||||||||
| Lat. Approximant | [l] | |||||||||||||||
| Long Lat. Approximant | [lː] | |||||||||||||||
1The exact quality of the rhotic is unknown.
| Monophthongs | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Front | Back | |||||||||
| High | /i/ | /y/ | /u/ | /uː/ | ||||||
| Mid | /e/ | /ø/ | /o/ | /oː/ | ||||||
| Low | /ɑ/ | |||||||||
| Diphthongs | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Front-Front | Front-Back | Back-Front | Back-Back | |||||||
| High | /ju/ | /juː/ | /wi/ | /wy/ | /wuː/ | |||||
| Mid | /je/ | /jo/ | /joː/ | /we/ | /ue/ | /wø/ | /wo/ | |||
| Opening Low | /jɑ/ | /wɑ/ | ||||||||
| Closing Low | /ɑi/ | /ɑu/ | ||||||||
Allophony
- The velar nasal is long if intervocalic, and short otherwise.
- The short unvoiced plosives are voiced if intervocalic.
- The liquid is a rhotic at the beginning of a word and before /w/, but [l] in other positions.
Phonological constraints
The syllable structure of Proto-Kunnurūjungo is (O)V(C) where C is any short consonant and V is any single vowel or diphthong. /j/ and /w/ do not count as consonants, but as a part of a diphthong.
- The geminated or long consonant can only appear intervocalically, and count as being in two syllables at once. The onset of such a consonant belong to the same syllable as the vowel preceding it, while the release of the consonant belong to the same syllable as the vowel following it.
Romanization
A a, B b, Ch ch, D d, E e, F f, G g, H h, I i, J j, K k, Kh kh, Kk kk, L l, Ll ll, M m, N n, Ng ng, Nn nn, O o, Ō ō, Ö ö, P p, Ph ph, Pp pp, R r, S s, Sh sh, Ss ss, T t, Th th, Ts ts, Tt tt, U u, Ū ū, Ü ü, W w, Y y, Z z, Zh zh
| Letter | Pronunciation | |
|---|---|---|
| A a | ɑ | |
| B b | b | |
| Ch ch | tʃ | |
| D d | d | |
| E e | e | |
| F f | f | |
| G g | ɡ | |
| H h | h | |
| I i | i | |
| J j | dʒ | |
| K k | k | |
| Kh kh | kʰ | |
| Kk kk | kː | |
| L l | l | |
| Ll ll | lː | |
| M m | m | |
| N n | n | |
| Ng ng | ŋ | |
| Nn nn | nː | |
| O o | o | |
| Ō ō | oː | |
| Ö ö | ø | |
| P p | p | |
| Ph ph | pʰ | |
| Pp pp | pː | |
| R r | *r | |
| S s | s | |
| Sh sh | ʃ | |
| Ss ss | sː | |
| T t | t | |
| Th th | tʰ | |
| Ts ts | ts | |
| Tt tt | tː | |
| U u | u | |
| Ū ū | uː | |
| Ü ü | y | |
| W w | w | |
| Y y | j | |
| Z z | z | |
| Zh zh | ʒ |
The voiced plosives and the lateral are represented in the romanization, even though they are not phonemic.
Grammars
Verbs
Voice
Tense and aspect
Proto-Kunnurūjungo has arguably four basic tenses (past, present, frequentative and habitual); and three tenses (remote past, future, remote future) and two aspects (progressive and perfect) that are expressed by periphrastic or other means, plus several combinations of the aforementioned. In the following table, the frequentative has been grouped together with the aspects for ease of representation. The affixes marked with blue go together with front vowel words, and the ones in red with back vowel words. If a word has only neutral vowels, the affix that stands first in the morphology column will be used.
| Tense | Aspect | Morphology | Example (using the verbs opk'ūja (sit) and kwedi (hear)) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Remote Past | -oCo1 -eCe1 |
opk'ūjojo - sat a long time ago kwedede - heard a long time ago | |
| Past | -o -e |
opk'ūjo - sat kwede - heard | |
| Present | -ng | opk'ūjang - sits kweding - hears | |
| Future | k'ūdi VERB | k'ūdi opk'ūja - will sit k'ūdi kwedi - will hear | |
| Remote Future | k'ūdik'ūdi VERB | k'ūdik'ūdi opk'ūja - will sit in the far future k'ūdik'ūdi kwedi - will hear in the far future | |
| Remote Past | Progressive | ||
| Past | Progressive | ||
| Present | Progressive | ||
| Future | Progressive | ||
| Remote Future | Progressive | ||
| Remote Past | Perfect | ut VERB-oCo ut VERB-eCe |
ut opk'ūjojo - had sut a long time ago ut kwedede - had heard long ago |
| Past | Perfect | ut VERB-o ut VERB-e |
ut opk'ūjo - had sut ut kwede - had heard |
| Present | Perfect | ut VERB-ng | ut opk'ūjang - have sut ut kweding - have heard |
| Future | Perfect | k'ūdi VERB-ng | k'ūdi opk'ūjang - will have sut k'ūdi kweding - will have heard |
| Remote Future | Perfect | k'ūdik'ūdi VERB-ng | k'ūdik'ūdi opk'ūjang - will have sut in the far future k'ūdik'ūdi kweding - will have heard in the far future |
| Remote Past | Frequentative | -dede -dodo |
opk'ūjadodo - sat around long ago kwedidede - repeatedly heard things long ago |
| Past | Frequentative | -de -do |
opk'ūjado - sat around kwedide - repeatedly heard things |
| Present | Frequentative | -di -da |
opk'ūjada - sit around kwedidi - repeatedly hear things |
| Future | Frequentative | k'ūdi VERB-di k'ūdi VERB-da |
k'ūdi opk'ūjada - will sit around k'ūdi kwedidi - will hear things repeatedly |
| Remote Future | Frequentative | k'ūdik'ūdi VERB-di k'ūdik'ūdi VERB-da |
k'ūdik'ūdi opk'ūjada - will sit around in the far future k'ūdik'ūdi kwedidi - will hear things repeatedly in the far future |
