Every consonant comes with a lenited and palatalized counterpart. They are basic for declinantion and conjugation:
| Lenited form |
bh |
dh |
fh |
gh |
kh |
lh |
mh |
nh |
ph |
qh |
rh |
z |
th |
vh
|
| Alternative lenited form |
|
ð |
ɸ |
ɣ |
x |
ł |
μ |
|
|
|
|
|
θ |
β
|
| Full form |
b |
d |
f |
g |
k |
l |
m |
n |
p |
q |
r |
s |
t |
v
|
| Palatalized form |
b' |
d' |
f' |
ż |
c |
l' |
m' |
ň |
p' |
q' |
r' |
ş |
t' |
v'
|
Morphology
VOS - Shape
Article
There is both indefinite and definite article
Definite article
| Masculine
|
| Case |
Singular |
Plural
|
|
Ancient form |
Modern form |
Ancient form |
Modern form
|
| Nominative |
EN |
ë |
EMI |
en
|
| Genitive |
ENI |
ë |
EMOS |
en
|
| Dative |
EHO |
e |
EMIA |
eņa
|
| Accusative |
EH |
ë |
EMO |
en
|
| Feminine
|
| Case |
Singular |
Plural
|
|
Ancient form |
Modern form |
Ancient form |
Modern form
|
| Nominative |
ENA |
e |
ENI |
e
|
| Genitive |
ENAS |
en |
ENOS |
enu
|
| Dative |
EHA |
e |
ENIA |
eňa
|
| Accusative |
ENA |
e |
ENIO |
eň
|
Noun morphology
- 1st declension - Nouns starting in consonant and ending in consonant - Masculine
| vad (son)
|
|
Ancient term |
Modern term
|
|
Singular |
Plural |
Singular |
Plural
|
| Nominative |
VADOM |
VADE |
ë vad |
en βad'
|
| Genitive |
VADI |
VADOS |
ë βad' |
enu vad
|
| Dative |
VADON |
VADIA |
e βad |
eňa βad'a
|
| Accusative |
VADIU |
VADO |
ë vad'u |
en βad
|
- 1st declension - Nouns starting in consonant and ending in vowel - Feminine
| vad (daughter)
|
|
Ancient term |
Modern term
|
|
Singular |
Plural |
Singular |
Plural
|
| Nominative |
VADO |
VADI |
e vad |
e βad'
|
| Genitive |
VADAS |
VADOS |
en vad |
enu vad
|
| Dative |
VADIO |
VADIA |
e vad' |
eňa βad'a
|
| Accusative |
VADIU |
VADIO |
e vad'u |
eň βad'
|
- 2nd declension - Nouns starting in vowel and ending in consonant - Masculine
| eten (hand)
|
|
Ancient term |
Modern term
|
|
Singular |
Plural |
Singular |
Plural
|
| Nominative |
ETENOS |
ETENE |
ënh eten |
eμ eteň
|
| Genitive |
ETENI |
ETENOS |
ëň eteň |
eμëz eten
|
| Dative |
ETENON |
ETENIA |
e-eten |
em'-eteňa
|
| Accusative |
ETENIU |
ETENO |
ë-eteňu |
eμ eten
|
- 2nd declension - Nouns starting in vowel and ending in vowel - Feminine
| um (mother)
|
|
Ancient term |
Modern term
|
|
Singular |
Plural |
Singular |
Plural
|
| Nominative |
UMO |
UMI |
enh um |
eň um'
|
| Genitive |
UMAS |
UMOS |
enhëz um |
enhëz um
|
| Dative |
UMIO |
UMIA |
e-um' |
eň-um'a
|
| Accusative |
UMIU |
UMIO |
enh um'u |
eň-um'o
|
- 3rd declension - Nouns starting in consonant and ending in consonant
| da (house)
|
|
Ancient term |
Modern term
|
|
Singular |
Plural |
Singular |
Plural
|
| Nominative |
DAK |
DAKI |
ë da |
e ðac
|
| Genitive |
DAKI |
DAKOS |
ë ðac |
enu dak
|
| Dative |
DAKON |
DAKIA |
e ðak |
eňa ðaca
|
| Accusative |
DAKIU |
DAKIO |
ë dacu |
eň ðac
|
Pronouns
Possessive
| English |
Ancient form |
Modern form |
Modern lenited form
|
| My |
GOS |
go |
ɣo
|
| Your (thou) |
DOS |
do |
ðo
|
| His |
LU |
lë |
łë
|
| Her |
SA |
së |
zë
|
| Its |
NES |
në |
nhë
|
| Our |
MANES |
man |
μan
|
| Your |
TELOS |
tel |
θel
|
| Their |
KODOS |
kod |
xod
|
Possessive pronouns (a genitive form of personal pronouns) come after their nouns and endure lenition, if required. Examples:
- my house: ë da go
- of my house: ë ðac ɣo
- to her daughter: ë vad' zë
- we see their daughter: lo kat e vad'u xod
Verb morphology
Verbs conjugate according to person, number and aspect. They do not conjugate according to tense.
- 1st conjugation - Verbs starting in consonant
| kato (to see)
|
| Person |
Imperfective |
Perfective |
|
|
Ancient form |
Modern form |
Ancient form |
Modern form
|
| I |
LA KATE |
lë xac |
OLAS KATE |
olë kac
|
| Thou |
LEM KATEN |
lë kat |
OLEM KATEN |
ol kac
|
| He/She/It |
LO KAT |
le xa |
OLO KATO |
ol xat
|
| We |
LUV KATOM |
lo kat |
OLU KATOM |
olë xat
|
| You |
LUS KATI |
lo kac |
OLU KATIS |
olë xac
|
| They |
LI KATUN |
l'ë xatu |
OLI KATUN |
ol' xatu
|
- 2nd conjugation - Verbs starting in vowel
| aso (to eat)
|
| Person |
Imperfective |
Perfective |
|
|
Ancient form |
Modern form |
Ancient form |
Modern form
|
| I |
LA ASE |
l-aş |
OLAS ASE |
olëz aş
|
| Thou |
LEM ASEN |
lëμ as |
OLEM ASEN |
olëμ aş
|
| He/She/It |
LO AS |
l-a |
OLO ASO |
ol-as
|
| We |
LUV ASOM |
loβ as |
OLU ASOM |
olë as
|
| You |
LUS ASI |
loz aş |
OLU ASIS |
olë aş
|
| They |
LI ASUN |
l'-asu |
OLI ASUN |
ol'-asu
|
The meaning of past is expressed by an adverbial particle, placed after the verb:
- DA → dë (lenited form: ðe)
Examples:
- Did you see my house?: ol kac dë po ë dacu ɣo?
- My name is Marco: le bhe Marco ë sefo go
- He was eating your apple: l-a dë e galoňu ðo
