List of all Seuna derivational affixes
Bits added to nouns
that will make a noun
-ju, -ti and -cia
-ju and -ti are the augmentive and diminutive suffixes respectively.
dwolo = house
dwolju = mansion
dwolti = cottage
I don't know if the third term has a latinate term.
dwolcia = a hovel
Notice that the end.tag overwrites the final vowel of the word. The rules that govern this are given in Seuna mid-clusters.
-fu
kono = spoon
konofu = cuttlery
chair ??? ... furniture hammer ??? ... tools
waulo = a dog
waulofu = any member of the Family Canidae ... that is dogs, wolves, foxes ...
sai = a colour
saifu = an adjective
du = to do
dufu = a verb
to = it
tofu = a noun
bone = well (done)
bonefu = an adverb
-peu
peu as an independent word means something like fellow. It has some connotations of friendliness. It can also be translated as "peer"; sombody who is equal to you in some way.
x.peu = compatriot, fellow-countryman
x.peu = contemporary ... time, epoch
x.peu = co-religionist
x.peu = fellow-professional
x.peu = namesake
x.peu = schoolmate
x.peu = classmate
x.peu = colleague ... work place
das.peu = neighbour
x.peu = companion ... road
x.peu = comrade ... aim, goal
-ija
This is used to name the young of animals.
waulo = dog
waulja = puppy
waugo = wulf
waugija = wulf cub
-na, -gu and -da
The above three suffixes do not exist as independent words. If they did, they could be endstuck to the verb infinitive and we would have *solbe.na, *solbe.ma and *solbe.da. However they are not independent words but pure affixes so we have.
solbe = to drink
solbena = the drinker
solbegu = the drinker(non-human)
solbeda = restaurant
However these three tags are not restricted to only the infinitive of verbs. For example;-
| gleho | tooth | glehona or glehon | dentist |
workman, milkman, jokeman etc. etc.
hu-
This is used to negate infinite verbs.
solbe = to drink
husolbe = to not drink
It is fairly obvious ??? that it has an affinity with the independent word hi which means "to lack". hu as an independent word means "no" or "zero".
that will make an adjective
-ia and -ua
fanfa = horse ... <noun>
fanfia = having a horse, mounted ... <adjective>
kloga = shoe ... <noun>
klogua = shoeless ... <adjective>
fanfian = the cavalry ... <collective noun>
kloguan = the shoeless ... <collective noun>
ta fanfia = the knight, the cavalry man
ta klogua = the shoeless one, the shoeless person
sa klogua = a shoeless one. a shouless person
sa fanjia = a knight, a cavalry man
tan fanfia = the knights, the cavalry men ???
san fanfia = some knight, cavalry men ???
fanfua = horseless, unmounted ... <adjective>
fanfuan = the infantry-* ... <collective noun>
-* This can also be translated by XXXX which means footsoldier.
The adjectives made by suffixing ia and ua are made into nouns again by adding -ne rather than -un. For example ;-
fanfuane = "the condition of being horseless" or "horselessness".
-we and -ka
"woman" "man"ka = a masculine woman ... i.e. a woman who has the appearance of a man
"man" "woman"we = a effeminate woman ... i.e. a man who acts like a woman
-wan
wan is end.stuck to a few adjectives as well as some nouns. Its has the sense of "tending towards","accustomed to" or "addicted to".
| ai | white | aiwan | faded |
| loso | grey | loswan | grizzled |
| mi | I | miwan | selfish |
| mama | mother | mamawan | motherbound |
| dwolo | house | dwolwan | domesticated |
| caito | book | caitwan | bookish |
Bits added to verbs
that will make a verb
-ay- -al- and -aw-
These three infixes are inserted just before the last verb of the infinitive. They respectively give the causative, the inchoative and the reciprocal.
solbe = to drink
solbaye = to make drink
solbale = to start to drink
timpa = to hit
timpaya = to cause to hit
timpala = to start to hit
timpawa = to fight
These can not be chained together. That is you can not express, for example, "to start causing to hit" with one word.
-u-
An in.tag that gives the verb a meaning opposite from the original.
henda = to dress
hendua = to undress
-pa -pu and -pe
These are used to negate finite verbs in the subjunctive mood. They can be perhaps considered as part of the person-mood-tense-aspect-evidential paradigm which is not considered in this section.
timpas = let me hit
timpaspa = don't let me hit
timpamo = if I hit
timpampu = if I don't hit
timpami = if I had hit
timpampe = if I had not hit
that will make an adjective
-au and -ina
These suffixes produce adjectives from verbs. au produces the so-called present active participle. ina produces the so-called past active participle.
timpa = to hit
timpau = hitting
timpina = hit, struck
Notice that the last vowel from the verb is dropped.
timpa is a transitive verb. For intransitive verbs the present-active/past-active distinction telescopes in to a present/past distinction.
= our departing friends
= our departed friends
-si
This suffix turn a verb into and adjective with the meaning "having a propensity or inclination to "verb" ".
loŋge = to rest, to relax
loŋgesi = lazy
When the verb ends in a double vowel(diphthong), the last element is dropped.
kodai = to work
kodasi = diligent
gomia = to quarrel
gomisi = quarrelsome
To make a noun from the adjective formed with the -si suffix, -ne should be used. For example ;-
kodasine = diligence
Bits added to adjectives
that will make an adverb
-we
hau'e = beautiful
hau'ewe = beautifully
that will make an adjective
-s and -stx
-s is a suffix that gives the comparative degree and -stx is a suffix that gives the superlative degree. x represents any vowel, in fact the last vowel of the adjective itself is repeated.
hau'e = beautiful
hau'es = more beautiful
hau'este = most beautiful
u-
u is a prefix, used to turn an adjective into an adjective meaning the exact opposite.
mutu = important
umutu = unimportant
that will make a noun
-na or -n
The affixes -n and -na are in free variation.
hau'e = beautiful ... hau'en or hau'ena = a/the beauty
fanfa = horse ... fanfia = having a horse ... fanfian = a/the horseman
fanfianai = the cavalry
-me
-me is a suffix which changes an adjective to a noun. Usually the last vowel of the adjective is dropped.
uje = soft
ujeme
Also derived words ending in ai or au take the suffix in thuis form.
kenko="salt"...kenkai="salty"...kenkaime="saltiness"
that will make a verb
-du and -gwa
It can be argued that -du and -gwa are not really affixes a all, but just examples of the usual method of compounding using the word.join method.
tuju = big
tuju.du = to make big
tuju.gwa = to become big
Index
- Introduction to Seuna
- Seuna : Chapter 1
- Seuna word shape
- The script of Seuna
- Seuna sentence structure
- Seuna pronouns
- Seuna nouns
- Seuna verbs (1)
- Seuna adjectives
- Seuna demonstratives
- Seuna verbs (2)
- Asking a question in Seuna
- Seuna relative clauses
- Seuna verbs (3)
- Methods for deriving words in Seuna
- List of all Seuna derivational affixes
- Numbers in Seuna
- Naming people in Seuna
- The Seuna calendar
- Seuna units
