Permic

The Permic languages are a branch of Uralic languages spoken in west-central Russia. The family is divided to Udmurt and Komi; the Permyak dialect of Komi is sometimes also included as a separate language.

Vowels

A schematic reconstruction of the proto-Permic vowel system:

• Stable vowels: *i *ɯ *uu *e *ɤ *a
  • Regular origins: *ü_a → *ɯ; *ü_i *i → *i; *ë → *uu; ??; *ëx → *ɤ; ??
  • Length in *uu is purely hypothetical; this is to mark that unlike the vowel denoted *u (perhaps [ʊ]?), it is not subject to unrounding in Udmurt.
• Derounding (short?) vowels: *ö *o *u → Udmurt /o o ɯ/ ~ Komi /e ɤ u/
  • No real regular origin
  • (There does not seem to be an *ü → **/i/ ~ **/ü/.)
• A series of (long?) vowels close in Udmurt but mid in Komi: *oo *ɤɤ → U. /u ɯ/ ~ K. /o ɤ/
  • In Komi, initial cases acquire a preceding /v/.
  • Expected *oo becomes /a/ in Komi, when an older (non-surviving) intervocalic *t follos. This is written as *oo^ð.
  • Regular origins: *e *a → *oo; …
• A series of (long?) vowels open in Udmurt but mid in Komi: *åå *aa → U. /a a/ ~ K. /o ɤ/
  • Regular origins: ??; *ä → *aa
• The vowels reconstructed here as "long" seem to result mostly from PU *open vowels, those reconstructed as "short" mostly from PU *close vowels.
• Awaiting explanation
  • /i/ ~ /ɯ/ (*ńëxli, *künči, *jürä)
  • A trubbling amount of correspondences predominantly found as supposed sporadic developments from *ä
    • The most prominent of these is *o.
    • /e/ ~ /ɤ/ (all a-stems: *pära, *säppa, *kärta, *läśa, *käna, *käća)
    • /i/ ~ /(j)e/ (*śäŋki, *läppa, *wü/äðim, *ilma) (*ee? "marrow" also U. /-ijɯ-/)
    • /ɯ/ ~ /e/ (*wäśka, *läxmi, *mäćV - might be a split from *ɯ or *ɤɤ)
    • /ɯ/ ~ /o/ (*läkti-, *mäjaka, *kaðʲa-, *saala, *kaasi)
    • /ɤ/ ~ /e/ (*pÄĺka)
    • /a/ ~ /e/ (*käliw) (*ää?)
    • /ä/ ~ /o/ (*täji) (does /ä/ even exist in Udmurt?? would be *åå otherwise)
  • /wi/ ~ /uji/ (*kôlmi - from *uujV?)
  • /ɯ/ ~ /i/ (*ćara, ćilV)
  • /u/ ~ /ɯ/ (*to, *süli, *käpsa, *jewa, *lixwa)
  • /u/ ~ /e/ (*satVr, *ponti)
  • /u/ ~ /ɤ/ (*śüćV, *süD´än)
  • /u/ ~ /a/ (*wanša)
  • /e/ ~ /o(j)/ (*kixi-ma, *mińa, *kiśka-)
  • /ɤ/ ~ /i/ (*kiwi)
  • /ɤ/ ~ /ɯ/ (*nôla)
  • /ɤ/ ~ /o/ (*kAl-)
  • /o/ ~ /i/ (*wixća-, *wita (or *ô?))
  • /o/ ~ /a/ (*čokV-)
  • /a/ ~ /u/ (*vooti) - reverse of expected outcome, may be data mixup? Álgu has /vo/ for Komi
  • Note the popularity of Udmurt high vowels

Consonants

Permic is notorious within Uralic for contrasting voicing in obstruents even initially. There is no accepted explanation for the origin of this contrast, and some words even alternate (eg. )

A distinctiv later development is initial *r → ? *dr → /dʐ/ in Udmurt.