Proto-Uralic/new
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Two newly proposed vowels for PU.
- *ê produces Finnic *e/*ü, Samic *ɤ, Mordvinic *e; Mansi *i, Khanty *e, Samoyedic *ê > *i elsewhere, Nganasan /ɨ/
- *ô produces Finnic *o/*i, Samic *o, Mordvinic *o;
Again, bold marks vocalic irregularities (except in Permic), red consonantal.
- Mari *aa *ee *öö *ɤɤ = /a e ə ɤ/ in Hill Mari, /o i ü u/ in Meadow Mari
- Permic *ö *åå *oo *ɤɤ = /e o (v)o (v)ɤ/ in Komi, /o a u ɯ/ in Udmurt
- In Komi, /v/ appears initially
*ê
| Lexeme | Finnic | Samic | Mordv. | Mari | Permic | Hung. | Mansi | Khanty | Samoy. | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *ê_i (std. *e_i ?) | ||||||||||
| "to fear" | *pel-kä- | *pɤlɤ- | peĺe- | - | *pool- | feel- | *pil- | *pel- | *pêj- | |
| "blood" | *veri | *vɤrɤ | veŕ | *wöör | *vir | veer | *wiɣər | *wer | - | |
| "water" | *veti | - | veď | *wööt | U. vu ~ K. va | viiz | *wit | - | *wêt | ← IE? Note Komi *oot > *a |
| "to go" | *mene- | *mɤnɤ- | - | *mije- | U. mɯnɯ- ~ K. mun- | mën- | *min- | *men- | *mên- | |
| "to do" | *teke- | *tɤkɤ- | teje~tije- | - | - | tëv- | *tij- | *tej- | - | ← IE |
| "to hit" | *löö- | - | - | *lüe- | K. lɯj- | löv- | *li- | - | *jöw- | WTF. *lêxi? *lêwi? |
| "lip" | - | *pɤŋsɤm | - | - | - | - | *piťem | *peɬem | *peptän | -ms- ? |
| "to take" | *vee- | *víkɤ- | vije- | - | *vaj(ɯ)- | vi- | *wi- | *we- | - | *êx > *ix in S/Mo?? |
| "owl" | *hüüp- | *ɤpɤké | - | - | - | - | *jipəɣ | *jepəɣ | - | Onomatopoetics in F.? |
| "warm" | E. eha | NS áccagas | eže- | - | - | - | *iš- | - | - | |
| "bee" | *mehi- | - | mekš | *mükš | *mooš | meex | - | - | - | ← II, or vice versa? |
| "honey" | *meti | - | meď | *müj | U. mu ~ K. ma | meez | - | - | - | ← II. Komi *oot > a |
| "2" | *kakti | *kókté | kavta | kok | *kɯk | keet | *kit | *kiit, käät | *kêtä | FV *kakta |
| "skin" | *keri | *kɤrɤ | keŕ | *köör | *koor | keerëg | *kiir | *käär | *kêti | ObU *kEr |
| "to cut; knife" | *vejce- | - | - | - | K. vɤź- | vees- | - | *wäänť- | - | *-ŋć- |
| "to must" | - | *kɤlkɤ- | keĺge- | Me. küle- ~ Hi. kele- | *kool- | kell- | - | - | - | Cf. IE. Check if not *i? |
| "handle" | - | *nɤvtɤ | - | - | U. nɯd ~ K. nud | - | - | - | - | *-ŋt- |
| "skin" | *keti | *kɤtɤ | keď | - | - | - | - | - | - | Cf. prev; also *käðʲi → P. *kiĺ, Ms. *kääĺən |
| "middle" | *keski | *kɤskɤ | keska | - | *koos | - | - | - | - | |
| "to wash" | *pese- | *pɤsɤ- | pezo- | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "to stretch" | *venü- | *vɤnɤ- | veńeme- | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "boat" | *veneh | *vɤnɤs | veńeš | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "to be in time" | *ehti- | *ɤstɤ- | - | *əšte- | K. eštɯ- | - | - | - | - | K. ← F? |
| "leaf" | *lehti | *lɤstɤ | - | *ləštaš | - | - | - | - | - | ← IE |
| "feather" | *hewhen | *sɤvsɤm | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | NB difthong! Newer loan? -n ~ -m doesn't match |
| "to tear" | *repe- | *rɤpɤ- | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "next" | *enti | *ɤvtɤ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | *-ŋt- |
| "work" | *töö | - | ťev | - | - | - | - | - | - | Cf. *têki |
| "lime, bast" | *lehmus | - | ĺevos | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "dove" | F metti- ~ E meikka- | - | meče | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| *e_i in *ê-system (all long or difthongal? see also *äx) | ||||||||||
| "to cook" | - | - | pije- | - | K. pu- | (föö-) | *paaj- | - | *pi- | *pexi; cf. *pêsi ! |
| "matter" | - | *séjɤ | sij | *šü | *śiś | eev | *säj | *ɬöj | *tiəj | *sexji |
| "to drink" | *seemV- | - | śime- | - | - | - | - | - | - | (check if a loan) |
| "lichen on trees" | - | *jévjɤmé | - | - | - | - | - | *jej | *jüjə | Pre-Smy *ew → *ü ? |
| "dog" | *penVj | *peanɤk | pińe | *pij ~ *pɤɤni | *poon(ɯ) | (fene) | - | - | - | Short! *e_a with Finnic *-j, Samic *-ik? H. "wild" may not belong |
| "brother" | *velji | *véljɤ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | Short! ← IE? |
| "clear" | *selke- | *čélkɤ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | Liv. sieldɤ. Cf. F. *selvä "ibid." |
| "" | ||||||||||
| *E_i (note *Eði) | ||||||||||
| "mushroom" | *seeni | *čáná | - | *šeen | U. śeńki | - | *šiinəɣ | *säänəɣ | - | *śExni ? |
| "girl" | *nejtVj | *néjtɤ | ni | - | *nɯl | - | *nii | *niiŋ | *nê | Wrt. S, cf. difthong |
| "soul, breath, steam" | *lewlü | *lévlɤ | - | - | *lool | leelek | *liil | *liil | - | Wrt. S, cf. difthong |
| "front" | *eti | - | - | - | - | elöö | *iil | *iiɬ | - | |
| *ê_a & such (see also *ü) | ||||||||||
| "alder" | *leppä | *leapé | ĺepä | - | - | - | - | - | - | ← B. |
| "corn" | *jüvä | - | juv | - | U. ju ~ K. jɯki | - | - | - | - | ← IE *jewa (Avestan yava etc.) Also explained as "sporadic labialization" in F. |
| "to dodge" | - | *kɤrvé- | - | - | - | kerül- | *kir- | *käärəɣ- | - | |
| "to cook" | - | *pɤsé- | - | - | *pɤɤž- | (föö-) | *piit- | *pääɬ- | - | ObU *pEɬ |
| "glue" | *tümä | *ðɤmé | - | - | *ĺem | - | - | - | *jêmä | |
| "heart" | *sütäm | *čɤðém | śedeɲ | *šüm | U. śulem ~ K. śɤlɤm | siiv | *šim | *sem | *sejə | |
| "man" | *ürkä | - | - | *erɣe | - | -ër | - | - | - | |
| West *ê; East ?? | ||||||||||
| "to eat" | *söö- | - | śeve- | - | U. śij ~ K. śoj | ëv- | *tää- | *ɬii- | - | Sibilant mismatch |
| West *e; East *ê | ||||||||||
| "to sell" | *möö- | *mékɤ- | mije- | - | *med | - | *miɣ- | *me- | *mi- | *mexi |
| "nest" | *pesä | *peasé | pizə | *pəžäš | *pooz | feesek | *pit | *peɬ | *pêtä | |
| "thumb" | *peukalo | *pealké | päĺkä | - | U. pɤlɯ ~ K. pev | - | - | - | *pêj | ZERO regularity. |
*ô
| Lexeme | Finnic | Samic | Mordv. | Mari | Permic | Hung. | Mansi | Khanty | Samoy. | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *ô_i | ||||||||||
| "3" | *kolme | *kolmɤ | kolmo | *kɤɤm | U. kwiń ~ K. kujim | haarom | *kuurəm | *kooləm | - | |
| "minor river" | *joki | *jokɤ | jov | *joɣə | *ju | joo | *jɯɯɣɯɯ | - | - | |
| "major river" | *juka | - | - | *jooɣən | *jəka | for comparision | ||||
| "dry" | *koski | *koškɤ- | kośke- | *kaškə- | *k(w)ååś | - | - | - | *kåsə- | F. meaning "rapids", → S. *kóškɤ ibid. |
| "birch bark vessel" | *kosja | "Ko. S" kočék | - | - | - | - | *kus | *koťək | - | F. → NS guošši |
| "bow" | *jouci | *jóksɤ | joŋks | *jaaŋež | - | iij | *jaɣət | *jooɣəɬ | *jïntə | *-ŋs- |
| "bosom" | *povi | póŋɤ | Er. poŋgo ~ Mk. pov | Hi. poŋgəš ~ Me. poməš | *pi | - | *puut | *poɣəl | - | |
| "snot" | *nolki | *snólkɤ | nolga | - | - | ńaal | - | - | - | Or *o with Mo. irregular |
| "wet" | *loppa | - | lopa-vto- | *lɤɤp | K. lap | - | - | - | - | |
| "stick" | *ponti | - | ponda | *paanðə | U. pud ~ K. bed | - | - | - | - | |
| "to sieve" | *pohti- | - | ponžavto- | - | *poož- | - | - | - | - | |
| "straw" | *olki | - | olgo | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "valley" | *lotma | - | ložmo | - | - | - | - | - | - | Phonotax non-Uralic |
| "to sink" | *lonteh | - | londado- | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "shameful; lazy" | *nolo | - | nola | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| *ô_a | ||||||||||
| "I" | *minä | *mon | mon | *məń | *mö(n) | een | *äm | *mä | *mən | Two allomorphs may exist of each: *m/tina, *m/tun. |
| "thou" | *tinä | *ton | ton | *tiń | *tö(n) | te | - | - | *tən | |
| "bird" | *lintu | *lonté | - | *lɤɤðə | - | luud | *luuntə | *låånt | - | |
| "sleeve" | *hija | *soajé | *sooj | ujj | *tɯɯjət | *ɬɯɯt | *tüəj | |||
| "sleeve" | *hiha | *sɤsé | oža | sokš | F. / S. *h- by contam. with the prev. | |||||
| "phloem" | *nila | *ńɤlɤ | nola | Me. nolo | U. ńɤl ~ K. ńɯla | - | *ńol | *ńal | - | |
| "to wash" | *liko- | - | - | - | - | - | *låwt- | *loɣɯɯt- | - | |
| "to curse" | *kiro- | *kɤro- | kor- | - | - | - | *kår- | *koorəm | *kərä- | |
| "to scrape" | *vito- | *vɤco- | - | - | *vušt- | vaasik- | *ašeɣ- | *wooč- | - | |
| "skin" | *iho | *ɤsé | jožo | Hi. juž | K. ež | - | - | - | - | |
| "green, yellow, poison, hate" | *viha, *viherä | - | ožo | *ɤɤžar | *vöž | - | - | - | - | NS vâšše ← F. Ultimately ← II |
| "to sharpen" | *hijo- | *sɤjé- | šova- | *šɤɤme- | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "to bind" | *sito- | - | sodo- | *šüðüš | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "to pluck" | *kitko- | *kɤské- | kočko- | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "to sit" | *istu- | (*i(š)tɤ-) | oza- | - | - | - | - | - | - | Unclear medial. S. ← F. |
| "price" | *hinta | - | čonda | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "pig" | *sika | - | tuvo | - | - | - | - | - | - | Mo. raising before -v-? |
| "surface, body" | *pinta | - | ponda | - | U. ped | - | - | - | - | Dubious semantics, F may be ← Gmc. |
| "" | ||||||||||
