Proto-Persian'
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Thanks to some of the oldest languages attested in writing (Tsonboran especially) belonging in the Persian' family, this protolang can reliably be traced all the way back to about -8ka, despite the family being relativly small. (Out of real language families, the "analog" of this might be Dravidian.)
Consonants
Labial | Coronal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Central | Lateral | |||||
Aspirate stops | pʰ | tʰ | kʰ | qʰ | ||
Tenuis stops | p | t | k | q | ||
Voiced stops | b | d | ||||
Nasal stops | m | n | ||||
Voiceless fricativs | s | ɬ | χ | h | ||
Voiced continuants | w | r | l | j | ʁ |
Cluster table
Color key |
---|
Plain consonant clusters; may occur morpheme-internally |
Plain consonant clusters with regular subphonemic modifications |
Contrast neutralization; occurs intermorphemically (Also interpretable as allophones of the aspirates, which do not occur intervocally!) |
Intermorphemic only |
Intermorphemic sandhi |
Interword (?) sandhi |
Epenthetic /ʊ/ |
Coda → Onset ↓ |
p | t | k | q | h | m | n |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
pʰ | N/A | tpʰ | kpʰ | qpʰ | ʰp | mpʰ | npʰ |
p | N/A | ʰtp | ʰkp | ʰqp | mp | np | |
b | N/A | tb | kb | qb | m | ||
tʰ | ptʰ | qtʰ | ktʰ | qtʰ | ʰt | mtʰ | ntʰ |
t | ʰpt | ʰqt | ʰkt | ʰqt | mt | nt | |
d | pd | tr | kd | qd | n | ||
kʰ | pkʰ | tkʰ | tkʰ | ʰk | mkʰ | nkʰ | |
k | ʰpk | ʰtk | ʰtk | mk | nk | ||
qʰ | pqʰ | tqʰ | tqʰ | ʰq | mqʰ | nqʰ | |
q | ʰpq | ʰtq | ʰtq | mq | nq | ||
s | N/A | qs | ks | qs | hs | ms | ns |
ɬ | N/A | ql | kl | ql | hɬ | mɬ | nɬ |
χ | N/A | qʰ | hh | mχ | nχ | ||
ʁ | N/A | tʀ | qʀ | qʀ | hʀ | mʁ | nʁ |
h | ʰp | ʰt | ʰk | ʰq | hh | mh | nh |
m | N/A | m | hm | m | |||
n | N/A | n | hn | n | |||
r | pr | tr | kr | qr | hr | ms | ns |
l | pl | ql | kl | ql | hl | mɬ | nɬ |
j | pj | tj | kj | qʀj | hj | mj | nj |
w | N/A | tw | kw | qw | hw | m | nw |
Vowels
Front | Non-Front | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Short | Long | _j | _w | Short | Long | _j | _w | |
Hi | ɪ | ɪː | ɪj | ɪw | ʊ | ʊː | ʊj | |
Mid | e | eː | ej | ew | ɐ | ow | ||
Lo | æ | æː | æj | æw | ɒː |
/ɐ ɒː/ form similar long-short pair, "/A Aː/" as the other vowels. /ow/ seems in some cases associated with this pair, in others with /ʊ ʊː ʊj/ (and in most, there's just no telling). There is no **/Aj/ of any sort; if there ever was, it might have previously merged into /æj/.
A medial glide forms a difthong with a preceding short vowel, but not a preceding long one.