Proto-Samoyedic

Soundchanges from Proto-Uralic:

Proto-Uralic to Proto-Ugric

It appears that all of the shared Ugric innovations are also applicable to Samoyedic.

*ðʲ → *lʲ (further shared with Permic; possibly a pseudo-sound change, the case for PU *lʲ is weak, and this may point to *ðʲ being [lʲ])
*k, *x, *w → ɣ / V_i (all eventually lost in Smy; Permic is similar here, too)
*s, *š → *θ (= [ɬ] per Khanty?)
*sʲ → *s
*Ck, kC → *ɣC? / C = *θ, *s (no direct evidence of this belonging together due to later loss in Smy)
*Ck → *C / C = *t, *č (check! ought to be later per open/close issues)
*ɤ → *ɯ / _C(C)a (most general condition; also in *ëni, *lëmpi; exceptions *tëka, *lëpa (FSM vs. Smy only), *ëńa)
perhaps some other vowel splits? (if not rather Finno-Permic mergers)

*x → *ə (probably common Uralic, but tends to disappear elsewhere)
*e → *i / _C(C)a (shared with Mansi)
*ŋ → *n / _θ (*jOŋsi only)
*m → *p / _θ ? (*pImsimi only; fairly ad hoc cluster)
*θ → *t (counterbleeds the previous two — *mt *ŋt remain)
*tsʲ → *s
*o → *a (feeds fronting to *ä in some cases; *tolwa → *tälwä, *tåjwä both)
*ü → *i (feeds the next)
*i, *u → *ə / _Ca (block'd by an original cluster, possible exception *kurki → *kərö, check relation to initial *l-!)
*u → *o / _Ci (counterfeeds *o → *a, block'd by an original cluster, exception *kulki- → *kəj-)

(an inefficiently asymmetric set of sound changes!)

*l → *lʲ / _C, _#_, _i(C)#
- Word-initial development is clear, tho exceptions happen (*lëmpi, *lëmti, *lëpa, *lëpsi - all back unrounded?)
- *-lw- → *-jw- is clear
- *-lt-, *-alm- unchanged (*kulta-, *kalma; both potential derivativs)
- *-ilm- → *-əjm-, *-lki → *-j and *-li → *-j may be due to coda position or palatalization
possibly: *e → *ɪ / _C(C)i (no phonemical significance)
*ä → *e ([ɛ] or [e]? depends on the previous)
*a → *ä [æ]? / before a coda palatal (sometimes elsewhere); is fed by palatalization of *l
Unstress'd (generally, final) vowels:
- *a → *a [ɑ]? / after front vowels or a lateral (sometimes elsewhere)
- *a → *ə / sometimes (*jupta, *konta, *kuma, *sʲala, *sʲoðʲa, *tora)
- *a → *å [ɒ] / elsewhere
- *i → *ə / _# (perhaps not feasible as PUg per palatalization of *l)
- *ə → ∅ / VC_# (fed by x-vocalization, counterfed by ɣ-loss, exceptions *juri, *sʲüðʲi)
*lʲ → *j (counterbleeds *a → *a, feeds the next)
*i → *ə / _j
*ð → *r
*e → *ü / _Cw (*käwði, *jäwji - but not in *täwði?)
*w → *m / _lʲ ? (*käðʲwa only - apparently South Smy. only)
*ɣ → ∅; or *k → ∅ / _C_ (except *-ŋk-) (counterbleeds *ə → ∅, cf. next)
*w → ∅ / in a 2nd syllable (counterbleeds *ə → ∅; *jäwji, *käliw, *täwði, etc. Remains *täwiw → *tiwə, also in *-jw- of either origin (suggesting interm. *ɣ?))

*å → *a
*ü → *ö
High laxing/Lo tensing (Shared with Samic!!)
- *i *ï *u *ə → *ɪ *ɪ̈ *ʊ *a
- all other monofthongs → long
Front/back contrast shifts from vowels to consonants:
- *ɪ *eː *äː *öː → ʲɪ ʲeː ʲaː ʲoː
- *ɪ̈ *ëː → ɪ eː
~Monofthongization
- *äj *ej → both *iː
- *aj → æː [ae]