User:Bukkia/sandboxIII
Consonants
This is the consonant system in the IPA consonant table:
| Bilabial | Labio- dental |
Dental | Alveolar | Post- alveolar |
Palatal | Velar | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | ||||||||
| Nasal | ||||||||
| Vibrant | ||||||||
| Fricative | ||||||||
| Affricate | ||||||||
| Approximant | ||||||||
| Lateral approximant | ||||||||
- 1: Allophone of [m] before labiodental consonants
- 2: Allophone of [n] before velar consonant
Palatalization
Some consonants come in pair with a palatalized counterpart:
| Non-palatalized consonant | Palatalized counterpart |
|---|---|
| k | č |
| g | dž |
| s | š |
| z | ž |
| t | č |
| d | dž |
This phenomenon, called palatalization, is very common, usually (but not always) when one of these consonants comes in contact with the semivowel [j]. It's very important, because it occurs many times in noun declension.
Vowels
| Front | Near-front | Central | Near-back | Back | ||
| Close |
| |||||
| Close-mid | ||||||
| Mid | ||||||
| Open-mid | ||||||
| Open | ||||||
Nouns
| Singular | ||
|---|---|---|
| Case | Consonant | Vowel |
| Nominative | - | - |
| Genitive | -u | -w |
| Dative | -a | -ja |
| Accusative | -o | -wo |
| Instrumental | -en | -jen |
| Locative | -ot | -jot |
| Adlative | -ás | -jás |
| Delative | -ád | -jád |
| Plural | ||
|---|---|---|
| Case | Consonant | Vowel |
| Nominative | -y | -j |
| Genitive | -yw | -ju |
| Dative | -ya | -jay |
| Accusative | -yo | -joy |
| Instrumental | -yen | -jeyn |
| Locative | -yt | -jyt |
| Adlative | -ýs | -jýs |
| Delative | -ýd | -jýd |
The dual number indicates a pair of things. It has a lesser number of endings, only four, with consonant and vowel counteparts.
| Dual | ||
|---|---|---|
| Case | Consonant | Vowel |
| Nominative Accusative |
-et | -t |
| Genitive Dative Adlative |
-etu | -ču |
| Instrumental Delative |
-etyn | -čyn |
| Locative | -ec | -ciw |
Examples:
| stuv = village, town | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Case | Singular | Plural | Dual |
| Nominative | stuv | stuvy | stuvet |
| Genitive | stuvu | stuvyw | stuvetu |
| Dative | stuva | stuvya | stuvetu |
| Accusative | stuvo | stuvyo | stuvet |
| Instrumental | stuven | stuvyen | stuvetyn |
| Locative | stuvot | stuvyt | stuvec |
| Adlative | stuvás | stuvýs | stuvetu |
| Delative | stuvád | stuvýd | stuvetyn |
| mila = woman | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Case | Singular | Plural | Dual |
| Nominative | mila | milaj | milat |
| Genitive | milaw | milaju | milaču |
| Dative | milaja | milajay | milaču |
| Accusative | milawo | milajoy | milat |
| Instrumental | milajen | milajeyn | milačyn |
| Locative | milajot | milajyt | milaciw |
| Adlative | milajás | milajýs | milaču |
| Delative | milajád | milajýd | milačyn |
Some nouns, even if they end with a consonant, follow the vowel declension pattern. In this case their last consonant undergoes palatalization, except for the nominative and genitive in the singular, and for all cases in dual. If there is a long vowel, when palatalization occurs, the vowel gets short.
| krís = king | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Case | Singular | Plural | Dual |
| Nominative | krís | krišy | kríset |
| Genitive | krísu | krišu | krísetu |
| Dative | kriša | krišay | krísetu |
| Accusative | kríswo | krišoy | kríset |
| Instrumental | krišen | krišeyn | krísetyn |
| Locative | krišot | krišyt | krísec |
| Adlative | krišás | krišýs | krísetu |
| Delative | krišád | krišýd | krísetyn |
Other nouns which undergo palatalization are: ák (water ‣ plur. ačy), nát (father ‣ plur. načy), héd (mother ‣ plur. hedžy), lók (head ‣ plur. ločy), úk (name ‣ plur. učy)
If a noun already ends with -u, the genitive ending in the singular melds with this vowel and becomes -ú.
- mázu (house) ‣ mázú
Article
There is only the form for the definite article (the): ó. It has to be declined according to its noun.
| ó = the | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Case | Singular | Plural | Dual |
| Nominative | ó | ony | ont |
| Genitive | onu | onju | onču |
| Dative | ona | onja | onču |
| Accusative | ono | onjo | ont |
| Instrumental | onen | onjen | ontyn |
| Locative | onot | onyt | onec |
| Adlative | onás | onýs | onču |
| Delative | onád | onýd | ontyn |
Adjectives
The adjectives must agree with their nouns in number and case, but only in attributive position. In prepositive position adjectives are not declined:
- Attributive position: nom.: dén mila (a good woman), gen.: dénu milaw (of a good woman)
- Prepositive position: ó mila dén ér (the woman is good), ony milaj dén eruk (the women are good)
Declension
The adjectival declension follows the nominal declension's pattern, with the distinction between consonant and vowel endings. Adjectives always come before their nouns, except for participles, that can occur after.
If the adjective comes before a nouns which is definited, it melds with the article, and it uses the definite adjectival declension.
- Dén mila: a good woman
- Dénon mila: the good woman
- Dényenon milajeyn: with the good women
Here there are samples from two adjectives:
| dén = good | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Case | Singular | Plural | Dual |
| Nominative | dénon | dényjon | déneton |
| Genitive | dénun | dénywon | dénetun |
| Dative | dénan | dényajon | dénetun |
| Accusative | dénon | dényojon | déneton |
| Instrumental | dénenon | dényenon | dénetynon |
| Locative | dénoton | dényton | dénecon |
| Adlative | dénáson | dénýson | dénetun |
| Delative | dénádon | dénýdon | dénetynon |
| pana = high | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Case | Singular | Plural | Dual |
| Nominative | panan | panajon | panaton |
| Genitive | panawon | panajun | panačun |
| Dative | panajan | panajayn | panačun |
| Accusative | panawon | panajoyn | panaton |
| Instrumental | panajenon | panajeynon | panačynon |
| Locative | panajoton | panajyton | panaciwon |
| Adlative | panajáson | panajýson | panačun |
| Delative | panajádon | panajýdon | panačynon |
If the adjective falls after the noun, it never use the definite declension, and the article appears before the noun:
- ó mila okeláv = the woman who loved
Comparison
There are two degrees of comparison: the comparative form and the superlative form:
They are formed by adding prefixes to the normal form of the adjective:
- Comparative: add pu- (mantaining the -): dén ‣ pu-dén
- Superlative: add saj- (mantaining the -): dén ‣ saj-dén
The second term of the comparison for comparative form is introduced by ča:
- lak mila pu-lán ča šik ér: this woman is more beautiful than that one
Pronouns
Personal
These are the forms of personal pronouns:
| Case | I | You (thou) | He | She | It |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nom. | kí | to | za | hí | héj |
| Gen. | kiju | tow | zaw | hiju | heju |
| Dat. | kija | toja | zaja | hija | heja |
| Acc. | kijo | tó | zao | hijo | hejo |
| Instr. | kijen | tojen | zajen | hijen | hejen |
| Loc. | kijot | tojot | zajot | hijot | hejot |
| Adl. | kijás | tojás | zajás | hijás | hejás |
| Del. | kijád | tojád | zajád | hijád | hejád |
| Case | We | You (plur.) | They (m) | They (f) | They (mixed) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nom. | vój | rí | zí | bí | mí |
| Gen. | voju | riju | ziju | biju | miju |
| Dat. | vojay | rijay | zijay | bijay | mijay |
| Acc. | vojo | rijo | zijo | bijo | mijo |
| Instr. | vojen | rijen | zijen | bijen | mijen |
| Loc. | vojyt | rijyt | zijyt | bijyt | mijyt |
| Adl. | vojýs | rijýs | zijýs | bijýs | mijýs |
| Del. | vojýd | rijýd | zijýd | bijýd | mijýd |
| Case | We two | You two | They two |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nom. | vóje | rije | mije |
| Gen. | vojču | ríjču | mijču |
| Dat. | vojču | ríjču | mijču |
| Acc. | voje | rije | mije |
| Instr. | vojčyn | rijčyn | mijčyn |
| Loc. | vojciw | rijciw | mijciw |
| Adl. | vojču | ríjču | mijču |
| Del. | vojčyn | rijčyn | mijčyn |
Relative
These are the forms of the relative pronoun:
| ksé = that, which, who | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Case | Singular | Plural | Dual |
| Nominative | ksé | kší | kset |
| Genitive | ksew | kšú | kseču |
| Dative | kšá | kšáy | kseču |
| Accusative | ksewo | kšóy | kset |
| Instrumental | kšén | kšéyn | ksečyn |
| Locative | kšót | kšýt | kseciw |
| Adlative | kšás | kšýs | kseču |
| Delative | kšád | kšýd | ksečyn |
These forms are used more rarely than in English, because in relative sentences participles are more actively used.
Verbs
Verbs have a rich system of conjugation. There are one infinitival form, 3 participles, 4 moods and at least 5 tenses in the indicative mood. Verbs do conjugate according to the person, with different endings for each person, in singular, plural and dual. Each form has a passive counterpart, because there is a separated passive conjugation.
Verbs are divided in two conjugation patterns, depending on their infinitival endings:
- 1st conjugation = -uč
- 2nd conjugation = -or
By dropping these endings we'll get the verbal root, basis of verbal conjugation.
Infinitive
This is the infinitival form, that you'll find in dictionaries.
We'll use two sample verbs, to show the conjugation:
| to Love | to Eat |
|---|---|
| Keluč | Setor |
Participles
Verbs have three participles: present participle, past participle, and future participle, which doesn't exist in English, but express the same meaning of the other two participles but in the future.
| Present | Past | Future |
|---|---|---|
| keláv | okeláv | tekeláv |
| setáv | osetáv | tesetáv |
The past participle has an active meaning; osetáv doesn't mean that has been eaten, but which has eaten.
The vowel in the -áv ending gets short when declined:
- nom. keláv (loving) ‣ gen. kelavu (of loving)
Participles are very important in the construction of relative sentences.
Indicative
The indicative mood is the mood of reality, that shows happenings, tales, indications, etc. It has 5 tenses. Two tenses are simple, three tenses add prefixes.
Present
| Person | Keluč | Setor |
|---|---|---|
| 1st sing. | kelu | setu |
| 2nd sing. | keluc | setec |
| 3rd sing. | kele | sete |
| 1st plu. | kelun | seten |
| 2nd plu. | keluj | setej |
| 3rd plu. | keluk | setek |
| 1st dual | kelune | setene |
| 2nd dual | keluje | seteje |
| 3rd dual | keluke | seteke |
Past
The past tense marks an action, occured in the past. It is formed by adding the infix -uv- for the 1st conjugation or -ev for the 2nd conjugation, and then the present endings of the 2nd conjugation, except for the 3rd person in singular, which adds nothing.
| Person | Keluč | Setor |
|---|---|---|
| 1st sing. | keluvu | setevu |
| 2nd sing. | keluvec | setevec |
| 3rd sing. | keluv | setev |
| 1st plu. | keluven | seteven |
| 2nd plu. | keluvej | setevej |
| 3rd plu. | keluvek | setevek |
| 1st dual | keluvene | setevene |
| 2nd dual | keluveje | seteveje |
| 3rd dual | keluveke | seteveke |
Future
The future tense marks an action, which will occur in the future. It is formed by adding the infix -us- for the 1st conjugation or -es for the 2nd conjugation, and then the present endings of the 2nd conjugation, and by adding the prefix te(k)- before the main root.
| Person | Keluč | Setor |
|---|---|---|
| 1st sing. | tekelusu | tesetesu |
| 2nd sing. | tekelusec | tesetesec |
| 3rd sing. | tekeluse | tesetese |
| 1st plu. | tekelusen | tesetesen |
| 2nd plu. | tekelusej | tesetesej |
| 3rd plu. | tekelusek | tesetesek |
| 1st dual | tekelusene | tesetesene |
| 2nd dual | tekeluseje | teseteseje |
| 3rd dual | tekeluseke | teseteseke |
Plusquamperfect
The plusquamperfect tense marks an action, occured in the past of another past action. It is formed by adding the prefix o(k)- to the forms of the past tense.
| Person | Keluč | Setor |
|---|---|---|
| 1st sing. | okeluvu | osetevu |
| 2nd sing. | okeluvec | osetevec |
| 3rd sing. | okeluv | osetev |
| 1st plu. | okeluven | oseteven |
| 2nd plu. | okeluvej | osetevej |
| 3rd plu. | okeluvek | osetevek |
| 1st dual | okeluvene | osetevene |
| 2nd dual | okeluveje | oseteveje |
| 3rd dual | okeluveke | oseteveke |
Future in the past
The future in the past tense marks an action, occured in the future of another past action. It is formed by adding the prefix o(k)- to the forms of the future tense.
| Person | Keluč | Setor |
|---|---|---|
| 1st sing. | otekelusu | otesetesu |
| 2nd sing. | otekelusec | otesetesec |
| 3rd sing. | otekeluse | otesetese |
| 1st plu. | otekelusen | otesetesen |
| 2nd plu. | otekelusej | otesetesej |
| 3rd plu. | otekelusek | otesetesek |
| 1st dual | otekelusene | otesetesene |
| 2nd dual | otekeluseje | oteseteseje |
| 3rd dual | otekeluseke | oteseteseke |
Subjunctive
The subjunctive mood is the mood of doubt, uncertainty, possibility, etc. It is very used in subordinate clauses. It has 3 tenses. Two tenses are simple, one tense adds prefixes. Subjunctive is marked by the infixed vowel -a-, which replaces the -e/u- alternance in the indicative.
Present
| Person | Keluč | Setor |
|---|---|---|
| 1st sing. | kela | seta |
| 2nd sing. | kelac | setac |
| 3rd sing. | kela | seta |
| 1st plu. | kelan | setan |
| 2nd plu. | kelaj | setaj |
| 3rd plu. | kelak | setak |
| 1st dual | kelane | setane |
| 2nd dual | kelaje | setaje |
| 3rd dual | kelake | setake |
Past
The past tense marks a possible, uncertain action, which could occur in the past. It is formed by adding the infix -av- for the 1st and 2nd conjugation, and then the present endings of the 2nd conjugation, except for the 3rd person in singular, which adds nothing.
| Person | Keluč | Setor |
|---|---|---|
| 1st sing. | kelavu | setavu |
| 2nd sing. | kelavec | setavec |
| 3rd sing. | kelav | setav |
| 1st plu. | kelaven | setaven |
| 2nd plu. | kelavej | setavej |
| 3rd plu. | kelavek | setavek |
| 1st dual | kelavene | setavene |
| 2nd dual | kelaveje | setaveje |
| 3rd dual | kelaveke | setaveke |
Future
The future tense marks a possible, uncertain action, which can occur in the future. It is formed by adding the infix -as- for the 1st and 2nd conjugation, and then the present endings of the 2nd conjugation, and by adding the prefix te(k)- before the main root.
| Person | Keluč | Setor |
|---|---|---|
| 1st sing. | tekelasu | tesetasu |
| 2nd sing. | tekelasec | tesetasec |
| 3rd sing. | tekelase | tesetase |
| 1st plu. | tekelasen | tesetasen |
| 2nd plu. | tekelasej | tesetasej |
| 3rd plu. | tekelasek | tesetasek |
| 1st dual | tekelasene | tesetasene |
| 2nd dual | tekelaseje | tesetaseje |
| 3rd dual | tekelaseke | tesetaseke |
Obtative
The obtative is the mood of whish, probability, will. It is very used in subordinate clauses. It has 3 tenses. Two tenses are simple, one tense adds prefixes. Obtative is marked by the infixed vowel -i-, which replaces the -e/u- alternance in the indicative.
Present
| Person | Keluč | Setor |
|---|---|---|
| 1st sing. | keli | seti |
| 2nd sing. | kelic | setic |
| 3rd sing. | keli | seti |
| 1st plu. | kelin | setin |
| 2nd plu. | kelij | setij |
| 3rd plu. | kelik | setik |
| 1st dual | keline | setine |
| 2nd dual | kelije | setije |
| 3rd dual | kelike | setike |
Past
The past tense marks a wish, a probability, which could occur in the past. It is formed by adding the infix -iv- for the 1st and 2nd conjugation, and then the present endings of the 2nd conjugation, except for the 3rd person in singular, which adds nothing.
| Person | Keluč | Setor |
|---|---|---|
| 1st sing. | kelivu | setivu |
| 2nd sing. | kelivec | setivec |
| 3rd sing. | keliv | setiv |
| 1st plu. | keliven | setiven |
| 2nd plu. | kelivej | setivej |
| 3rd plu. | kelivek | setivek |
| 1st dual | kelivene | setivene |
| 2nd dual | keliveje | setiveje |
| 3rd dual | keliveke | setiveke |
Future
The future tense marks a wish, a probability, which can occur in the future. It is formed by adding the infix -is- for the 1st and 2nd conjugation, and then the present endings of the 2nd conjugation, and by adding the prefix te(k)- before the main root.
| Person | Keluč | Setor |
|---|---|---|
| 1st sing. | tekelisu | tesetisu |
| 2nd sing. | tekelisec | tesetisec |
| 3rd sing. | tekelise | tesetise |
| 1st plu. | tekelisen | tesetisen |
| 2nd plu. | tekelisej | tesetisej |
| 3rd plu. | tekelisek | tesetisek |
| 1st dual | tekelisene | tesetisene |
| 2nd dual | tekeliseje | tesetiseje |
| 3rd dual | tekeliseke | tesetiseke |
Imperative
The imperative mood is the mood of orders. It has only one tense with special endings.
| Person | Keluč | Setor |
|---|---|---|
| 1st sing. | - | - |
| 2nd sing. | kel | set |
| 3rd sing. | kela | seta |
| 1st plu. | keljen | setjen |
| 2nd plu. | kelač | setač |
| 3rd plu. | kelak | setak |
| 1st dual | keljene | setjene |
| 2nd dual | kelače | setače |
| 3rd dual | kelake | setake |
Passive declension
Verbs form their passive counterparts by adding a suffix, not as in English. So there is a separated passive declension:
- He opens the door: ono erkowo pále
- The door is opened by him: ó erko zajen páles
The passive form is formed by adding the suffix -s after a vowel, and -is after a consonant.
Examples: The present tense:
| Person | Keluč | Setor |
|---|---|---|
| 1st sing. | kelus | setus |
| 2nd sing. | kelucis | setecis |
| 3rd sing. | keles | setes |
| 1st plu. | kelunis | setenis |
| 2nd plu. | kelujis | setejis |
| 3rd plu. | kelukis | setekis |
| 1st dual | kelunes | setenes |
| 2nd dual | kelujes | setejes |
| 3rd dual | kelukes | setekes |
The agent of the passive sentence is expressed by the instrumental case:
- The pen was broken by his mother: ó póliec zawnen hedžen okrujzuvis
Participles takes different endings to form their passive counterparts:
| Present | Past | Future |
|---|---|---|
| kelát | okelát | tekelát |
| setát | osetát | tesetát |
They follow the declension of palatalizated nouns with vowel shortening of the final vowel:
- osetát (eaten) ‣ osetačy (plur.)
Verb Ervuč (to Be)
The verb ervuč (to Be) is irregular. These are its forms:
| Indicative | Present | Past | Future | Plusquamperfect | Future in the past |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st sing. | eru | ervu | tekersu | okervu | otekersu |
| 2nd sing. | erc | ervec | tekersec | okervec | otekersec |
| 3rd sing. | ér | erev | tekerse | okerev | otekerse |
| 1st plu. | ern | erven | tekersen | okerven | otekersen |
| 2nd plu. | ery | ervej | tekersej | okervej | otekersej |
| 3rd plu. | eruk | ervek | tekersek | okervek | otekersek |
| 1st dual | erne | ervene | tekersene | okervene | otekersene |
| 2nd dual | erje | erveje | tekerseje | okerveje | otekerseje |
| 3rd dual | eruke | erveke | tekerseke | okerveke | otekerseke |
| Subjunctive | Present | Past | Future |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st sing. | era | eravu | tekerasu |
| 2nd sing. | erac | eravec | tekerasec |
| 3rd sing. | era | erav | tekerase |
| 1st plu. | eran | eraven | tekerasen |
| 2nd plu. | eraj | eravej | tekerasej |
| 3rd plu. | erak | eravek | tekerasek |
| 1st dual | erane | eravene | tekerasene |
| 2nd dual | eraje | eraveje | tekeraseje |
| 3rd dual | erake | eraveke | tekeraseke |
| Ottative | Present | Past | Future |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st sing. | eri | erivu | tekerisu |
| 2nd sing. | eric | erivec | tekerisec |
| 3rd sing. | eri | eriv | tekerise |
| 1st plu. | erin | eriven | tekerisen |
| 2nd plu. | erij | erivej | tekerisej |
| 3rd plu. | erik | erivek | tekerisek |
| 1st dual | erine | erivene | tekerisene |
| 2nd dual | erije | eriveje | tekeriseje |
| 3rd dual | erike | eriveke | tekeriseke |
| Imperative | Present |
|---|---|
| 1st sing. | - |
| 2nd sing. | ér |
| 3rd sing. | era |
| 1st plu. | erjen |
| 2nd plu. | érč |
| 3rd plu. | erak |
| 1st dual | erjene |
| 2nd dual | erče |
| 3rd dual | erake |
The participles are:
| Present | Past | Future |
|---|---|---|
| eráv | okeráv | tekeráv |
Verb Esor (to Have)
The verb esor (to Have) is irregular. These are its forms:
| Indicative | Present | Past | Future | Plusquamperfect | Future in the past |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st sing. | esu | esvu | tekesesu | okesvu | otekesesu |
| 2nd sing. | esec | esvec | tekesesec | okesvec | otekesesec |
| 3rd sing. | és | esev | tekesese | okesev | otekesese |
| 1st plu. | esn | esven | tekesesen | okesven | otekesesen |
| 2nd plu. | esy | esvej | tekesesej | okesvej | otekesesej |
| 3rd plu. | esuk | esvek | tekesesek | okesvek | otekesesek |
| 1st dual | esne | esvene | tekesesene | okesvene | otekesesene |
| 2nd dual | esje | esveje | tekeseseje | okesveje | otekeseseje |
| 3rd dual | esuke | esveke | tekeseseke | okesveke | otekeseseke |
| Subjunctive | Present | Past | Future |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st sing. | esa | esavu | tekesasu |
| 2nd sing. | esac | esavec | tekesasec |
| 3rd sing. | esa | esav | tekesase |
| 1st plu. | esan | esaven | tekesasen |
| 2nd plu. | esaj | esavej | tekesasej |
| 3rd plu. | esak | esavek | tekesasek |
| 1st dual | esane | esavene | tekesasene |
| 2nd dual | esaje | esaveje | tekesaseje |
| 3rd dual | esake | esaveke | tekesaseke |
| Ottative | Present | Past | Future |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st sing. | esi | esivu | tekesisu |
| 2nd sing. | esic | esivec | tekesisec |
| 3rd sing. | esi | esiv | tekesise |
| 1st plu. | esin | esiven | tekesisen |
| 2nd plu. | esij | esivej | tekesisej |
| 3rd plu. | esik | esivek | tekesisek |
| 1st dual | esine | esivene | tekesisene |
| 2nd dual | esije | esiveje | tekesiseje |
| 3rd dual | esike | esiveke | tekesiseke |
| Imperative | Present |
|---|---|
| 1st sing. | - |
| 2nd sing. | és |
| 3rd sing. | esa |
| 1st plu. | esjen |
| 2nd plu. | esač |
| 3rd plu. | esak |
| 1st dual | esjene |
| 2nd dual | esače |
| 3rd dual | esake |
The participles are:
| Present | Past | Future |
|---|---|---|
| esáv | okesáv | tekesáv |
The most important feature of this verb is that its behaviour is different from its English countepart's one. The possession is expressed by another construction: The owned object is in the nominative case (i.e. it becomes the sentence's subject), then the verbs agree with it and the owner is declined in dative case. This occurs both for proper or aquired possession.
- Lók bánya čésya és: All human beings have a head (lit.: A head to all human beings has)
- Póliec kija és: I have a pen (lit.: A pen to me has)
Word formation
Noun → Adjective
- One of the most common endings to change a noun into ist corrispective adjective is -ár. If the noun already ends with -r, the ending changes in -ál. When attached to a noun which usually undergoes palatalization with vowel shortening, these phenomena occur.
- čés (human being) ‣ čésár (human)
- úk (noun) ‣ učár (nominal)
- The adjectival ending for nouns, ending in a vowel, is -jer.
- mila (woman) ‣ milajer (feminine)
