Proto-Uralic/A
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The many and varied cognates of Finno-Mordvinic *a.
Bold marks apparent vocalic irregularities (note tho that rules for Permic are partly unclear), red consonantal. Italic cases are unclear.
Mari and Permic use the following ad hoc reconstruction:
- short vowels = branches agree
- except *ɤ = Meadow Mari /o/
- Mari *aa *oo *ɤɤ = /a o ɤ/ in Hill Mari, /o u u/ in Meadow Mari
- Permic *aa *oo *ɤɤ = /o (v)o (v)ɤ/ in Komi, /a u ɯ/ in Udmurt
- In Komi, /v/ appears initially
Abbreviations used: B. = Baltic, Cf. = 'compare', En = Enets, Er. = Erźa, Es. = Estonian, F. = Finnish, Gmc. = Germanic, H. = Hungarian, Hi. = Hill Mari, IA = Indo-Aryan, IE = Indo-European, K. = Komi, Ka. = Kamass, Kh. = Khanty, Li. = Livonian, Ma. = Mari, Me. = Meadow Mari, Mk. = Mokša, Mo. = Mordvinic, Ms. = Mansi, N = North, Ne. = Nenets, Ng. = Nganasan, P. = Permic, PU = Proto-Uralic, S. = Samic, South, Se. = Selkup, Smy. = Samoyedic, U. = Udmurt, Ve. = Veps
Standard PU *a
| Lexeme | FM example | Samic | Mari | Permic | Hungarian | Mansi | Khanty | Samoyedic | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| S. *ó, Ma. *aa, P. *oo, H. a, Ms. & Kh. *uu, Smy. *å | |||||||||
| "bit" | F. pala | *pólé | *pultəš | - | fal | *puul | *puul | *pålä | Possibly K. palak "hole" |
| "to open" | Er. panžo- | *póncé | *paača- | - | - | *puunš | *puunč | - | |
| "pot" | F. pata | - | *paat | - | fazeek | *puut | *puut | - | |
| "young deer" | Mk. śarda | - | *šaarðɤ | - | - | *suurtə | *suurtə | Ne. siraj ? | |
| "to scoop" | F. amme- | - | - | - | - | *uum- | *uum- | - | |
| "marsh" | F. aro | - | - | - | - | *uuraj | *uurə | - | |
| "to step" | F. askel- | - | *aaškəl- | *ooćkVl- | - | *uusəl | - | *äsəl | Smy. *a → ä before a palzd. coda. |
| "twig" | - | *tórkɤ | Me. tor | - | - | - | *tuuɣər | - | |
| "mountain" | - | *váré | - | *vɤɤr | - | *wur | *wuur | *wårå | P. *oo → *ɤɤ next to a labial |
| "to step" | Mk. šašto- | - | - | - | - | *šuuš- | *čooč- | *čåčä- | Kh. *oo after *č? |
| "to hit" | Mk. šavo- | *cáŋmé- | *čaaŋɣe- | - | - | *šɯɯŋkʷ- | *čooŋk- | *čåŋå- | Ms. transfer of labialization? Kh. *oo after *č? |
| "village" | F. palva- | - | - | - | falu | *pɯɯwəl | *puuɣəl | - | Ms. transfer of labialization? |
| "sun" | F. kaja- | NS guoje | *kaaja- | - | - | - | - | *kåjå | |
| "to peel" | Mk. vatka- | *vótké- | *waatka- | - | - | - | - | Ne. waataa- | |
| "to present" | Mk. kaźe- | - | *kužək | *koodźim | hason | - | - | *kåsɯ ? | |
| "to dig" | F. kaiva- | *koajvó- | *kooe- | *kooj- | hajiit- | - | - | *käjwå- | Smy. palzn. Ma. *oo may be explainable by reduction of *-jw-, S. *oa by 2nd onset *v |
| "to thro" | Mo. kaja- | - | - | *kooj- | hajiit- | - | - | - | Homophonic with the prev. |
| "foot" | F. jalka | *jólké | *jaal | - | ɟalog | - | - | - | |
| "to bild" | F. rakenta- | - | - | - | rak- | - | - | - | |
| "to grasp" | F. tarttu- | - | - | - | tart- | - | - | - | |
| "penis" | - | *póčɤ | - | - | fas | - | - | - | |
| "roof" | F. lakka | - | - | - | lak- | - | - | - | H. "to dwell" |
| "brain" | F. aivo | *vójŋé | - | - | aɟ | - | - | - | Mk. uj ← *ojwa? |
| "to sink" | F. vajo- | *vójó- | - | *vɤɤj(ɯ)- | vejse- | *uuj- | - | - | P. labial dissim. |
| "hard" | - | *čárés | - | *ćoorɯd | - | - | - | *sårə | |
| "with" | F. kanssa | - | - | *gooz | - | - | - | - | |
| "rump" | Mk. kaska | - | - | *koos | - | - | - | - | |
| "to roast" | F. paahta- | - | - | *pɤɤž- | - | - | - | - | P. labial dissim. F. 2ndary length? |
| "to drive" | F. aja- | vójé- | - | *ooj- | - | *wujt- | - | - | ← IE *aɟe- ? |
| "series" | F. sarja | - | - | *śoor | - | - | - | - | |
| "to shoot" | F. ampa- | ámpo- | - | U. ɯb- | - | - | - | - | S. ← F? P. labial dissim. |
| "smell" | F. katku | - | - | K. kočɯs | - | - | - | - | Cf. "bitter" |
| "currant" | - | - | *šaaptər | U. suter ~ K. setɤr | - | - | - | - | |
| "to close" | - | - | paačke- | U. pɯškɯ- | - | - | - | - | P. labial dissim. |
| "rake" | F. hara | *sóré | *šaar | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "opposite" | F. vasta | *vósté | *waašta | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "to grind" | F. jauha- | - | *jaaŋɤže- | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "fishing net" | F. vata | - | *waat | - | - | - | - | - | ← Gmc? |
| "wet" | Mk. načka | *ńóské | *naačkə | - | - | - | (*ńašak) | - | Khanty "raw" may not belong |
| Same except Ma. *o, P. *u, H. aa, Kh. *aa | |||||||||
| "to steal" | F. sala- | *sól-ɤk | *šolə- | - | - | *tuul- | *ɬaal- | *tål- ? | |
| "flood, lake" | F. sarajas | - | - | - | aar | *tuur | *ɬaar | - | |
| "net" | F. kalin | - | - | K. kulɤm | haalo | *kuuləp | *kaaləp | - | Cf. "fish" |
| "to dry" | - | - | - | *śur- | saar- | *šuur- | #saar- | - | |
| "low ground" | - | - | - | U. śum | - | *suujəm | *saajəm | - | |
| "to conjure" | Er. al(s)ta- | - | *ulte- | - | aald- | - | *aaləɬ- | - | |
| "white" | Mk. akša | - | *oš | - | - | - | *aaš | - | |
| "rodent" | Mk. maksa- | - | - | - | - | - | *maaɣ | - | Weak. Mo. "mole", Kh. "beaver" |
| "to beat soft" | F. vanu- | - | - | - | vaańol- | - | - | - | |
| "hind" | - | - | - | - | aaɟeek | *uunć | - | - | |
| "crust" | F. kamara | - | *kom | *koomVĺ | haaml- | köömtol ~ kamtul? | - | Ne. såw | U. also kɤm |
| "to receive" | F. saa- | NW *sákɤ- | *šoo- | K. su- | - | - | - | *tåj- | *saxi. Ma. *oo possibly from reduction of *-x- (cf. *kajwa-) |
| "to stand" | Liv. saiso- | *čónčó- | *šinće- | K. sidź- | - | *tuunś | *ɬaanć | *tensə- | Finnish seiso-. Ma. & Smy. point to original *ä. (Mo. *śta- ← IE?) |
| Mari, Hungarian and Khanty disagree | |||||||||
| "fish" | F. kala | *kólé | *kol | - | hal | *kuul | *kuul | *kålä | |
| "to leave" | F. kato- | *kóðé- | *koðV- | U. kɯĺ- ~ K. koĺ- | haɟ- | *kuuĺ- | *kaaj- | *kåjä- | |
| "to carry" | F. kanta- | *kónté- | *kaande- | - | - | *kuunt | *kaant | *kån- | |
| "crow" | F. varis | *vórččé | - | - | varjuu | *uurin | *uurŋ- ~ warŋ- | *wər- | Check Smy |
| "to burst" | F. pakahtu- | - | - | - | fakad- | - | *paaɣ- | - | |
| Mari and Permic disagree | |||||||||
| "groove" | F. latu | - | *laaðo | K. lu | - | - | - | - | ← Baltic? |
| "rotten" | - | - | *kaaškə- | *kuź | - | - | - | - | |
| "to gro" | - | - | *paaše- | *pušjɯ- | - | - | - | - | |
| "to ask" | - | - | *jaada- | *jual- | - | - | - | - | P. ← *-uða- ? |
| Indistinct *a | |||||||||
| "in-law" | F. nato | *nótó | *nuðo | - | - | - | - | *nåto | |
| "death" | F. kalma | *kólmé | - | - | - | - | *kålm- | Cf. "to die" | |
| "ground" | F. tanner | *tóntɤr | - | - | - | - | - | *tåntə- | |
| "branch" | F. sarka | *sórké | - | - | - | - | - | *tårkå | |
| "word" | F. vala | *vólé | - | - | - | - | - | *wålä | |
| "crane" | Mk. karga | *kórkɤ | - | - | - | - | - | *kårə ? | F. kurki |
| "to want" | Mk. karma- | - | - | - | - | - | - | *kårmä ? | |
| "knot" | Mk. pakškä | - | - | - | - | - | - | *påktV | |
| "left" | F. vasen | - | - | - | - | - | - | *wåtä ? | |
| "to stick" | - | *čóŋké- | - | - | - | - | - | *såŋkə- | |
| "to rain" | F. sata- | *čáðé- | - | - | - | - | - | *sårå- | S. also *čócé- "to hit" |
| "spirit" | Mk. vajmä | vájmó | - | - | - | - | *wäjŋ- | Smy. palzn; Er. ojme, F. vaimo "woman" | |
| "thru" | Mk. šačk | - | - | - | - | - | - | Se. sačk | Only Mo. and Se, sibilant assimilation? |
With long vowels in Finnic
| Lexeme | Finnish | Mordvinic | Samic | Mari | Permic | Hungarian | Mansi | Khanty | Samoyedic | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| std. PU *ax? | ||||||||||
| "streak" | juoni | jan | *jónɤ | - | - | - | - | - | - | ← IA ? |
| "bed" | F. vuode | - | - | *aaĺ | - | - | if F. not ← vuota ← B. | |||
| "mountain" | vuori | - | - | *waar | *woor | - | Cf. *wara? | |||
| "butter" | voi | Er. oj ~ Mk. vaj | *vójɤ | *ü | *vɤɤj | vaj | *waaj | *wooj | - | ← IA *āǵya ? No explicit evidence for length; looks like regular *o, save Finnic initial v-. |
| "tree spec." | saarni | - | *šäärtńi, šartńi | *śir | - | - | - | - | Li. säärna. F. "ash", Ma "willow", P. "elm" | |
| "to lecture" | saarna- | *sárné | - | K. śorni- | - | - | *sarna- | - | S. ← F? | |
| "salt" | suola | sal | - | ćal | U. sɯlal ~ K. sol | - | - | - | - | ← IE, multiple loans? |
| "" | ||||||||||
| std. PU *ox? (for comparision) | ||||||||||
| "to hack" | kuokki- | - | - | - | *kook- | - | - | - | - | |
| "pit" | kuoppa | U. gop | Coincidental? | |||||||
| "crust" | kuori | kaŕ | - | - | K. kɯrś | - | *kur- | *kor- | - | For Se. ker- cf. *kêri "ibid."? |
| "in heat" | suota | - | *čóðé- | - | K. ćual- | salad- | - | - | *såjä | Smy palatal assimilation? |
| "to die" | kuole- | kulo- | - | *kole- | *kul- | hal- | *kaal- | *kal- | *kåə- | |
| "to lick" | nuole- | nola- | *noaló- | *nɤɤle- | *ńul- | ńal- | *ńal- | *ńal- | *ńåə- | Check Smy forms |
| "to sweep" | huosi- | - | - | - | U. čuž- | - | *šaaš- | *čaač- | Se čuuč- | |
| "side" | puoli | pola | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "berry" | puola | - | - | K. pul | boĺoo, boɟoo ? | *pul | - | *pål- | ||
| "intestine" | suoli | śula | *čoalé | *šol | *śul | - | - | *sol | - | ← IA ? |
| "year" | vuosi | - | *vótɤ | - | U. va ~ K. u | vaĺ | - | *ål ? | - | ← IA *vataḥ |
| "pole" | vuoli | - | - | K. ɯɯ ? | - | *ula | *wol | - | ||
| "pole" | ulku | *holkɤ | - | *aawla | *oɣəl | *uj | for comparision | |||
| std. PU *ox but looks more like *ux | ||||||||||
| "spruce" | kuusi | kuz | *kósɤ | *kož | U. kɯz ~ K. koz | - | *kawt | *kooɬ | *kåət | |
| "sheep" | uuhi | uča | - | *ɤžɣa | *ɯž | - | *aaš | *aač | - | ← IE, multiple loans? |
Standard PU *ë
| Lexeme | FM example | Samic | Mari | Permic | Hungarian | Mansi | Khanty | Samoyedic | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| S. *ó, Ma. ö/ü, P. *u, Ms. *ɯɯ, Kh. *aa, Smy. *ɤ (std. PU *ëCC) | |||||||||
| "tree stump" | F. kanto | *kóntój | - | (K. gɯd) | - | *kɯɯnt | *kaant | - | K. "bend, bottom", may not belong |
| "mushroom" | Mk. pango | - | *poŋɣɤ | - | - | *pɯɯŋk | *paaŋk | - | |
| "land" | F. maa | - | *mü, *mu | *mu | - | *mɯɯ | *meɣ | - | Reduction of *x? Monosyllabic? |
| "wet place" | Mk. nar | *nöre- | *ńur | ńirok | *ńɯɯr | - | *ńɤr | ||
| "gills" | - | *ńókčɤm | *naašmə | K. ńokćim | - | *ńɯɯkśəm | *ńaa(ŋ)kśəm | Ne. ńińśku, Ka. neeni ? | Or *a2 with Ms. delabzn after a palatal? (K. would still be irregular) |
| "land" | F. lansi | *lómté | Hi. landaka | *lud | - | - | - | *lɤmtu- | ← IE at least in Ma? |
| "to chop" | Er. čapo- | *cápɤ- | - | *čup- | - | - | *čopam | - | Cf. "to hit" |
| "to get wet" | - | *lóccɤ- | *löčä- | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "to bury" | - | - | *müde- | *mudɯ- | - | - | - | - | |
| "hair" | F. hapsi | *vóptɤ | *üp | - | - | *ɯɯt | *aapət | *ɤptə | |
| "swede" | Ve. nagriž | - | - | - | - | *nɯɯr | *naaɣər | - | |
| "cartilage" | - | *ńórkés | *nörɣə | - | ńiir | *ńɯɯrəɣ | *ńaarəɣ | *ńɤr | |
| "child, cradle" | F. lapsi | *lɤpš | - | - | - | - | *jɤpsə / *lɤpsə | ||
| Similar except F. *oo, P. *ɤ, Smy. *ɤə (std. PU *ëx_i) | |||||||||
| "vein" | Mk. san | *sónɤ | *šün | *sɤn | iin | *tɯɯn | *ɬaan | *čɤn | F. suoni |
| "arrow" | Mk. nal | *ńólɤ | *nölö | U. ńil ~ K. ńɯl | ńiil | *ńɯɯl | *ńaal | *ńɤəj | F. nuoli |
| "fish skin" | Mk. śav | *čómɤ | *šüm | *śɤm | - | *sɯɯm | *saam | Ne. śaaw ?? | F. suomu |
| "bird cherry" | Mo. ĺom | *ðómɤ | *lom | *ĺɤm | - | *ĺɯɯm | *joom | *jɤəm | F. tuomi |
| "to bite" | - | S. kácké- | *kaačka- | K. gɤčkɯ- | - | - | - | - | |
| "bitter" | F. katkera | *kóccɤk | *kaača- | U. kɤš | - | *kɯɯšɣə ? | *kiičə ? | - | Cf. "smell" |
| "to produce" | F. suolta- | *čólté- | - | *ćɤlt- | - | - | - | - | if F. not ← *soxli |
| "to whittle" | F. vuole- | *vólɤ- | - | *vɤl- | - | *walt- | *walt- | ||
| Ma. o/ü, P. *u, Ms. *a, Kh. *ɯɯ, Smy. *ɯ (std. PU *ëCa - note open syllables in Smy!) | |||||||||
| "down" | F. ala- | *vólé- | *ül | *ul | al- | *jal | *ɯɯl | *ɯlə | |
| "to divide" | F. jaka- | *jóké | - | *juk | - | *jaɣtit ? | *jɯɯɣəɬ | *jɤkə- | Ms. East only. Check Smy forms. |
| "sembra" | - | - | - | *sus | - | *tɯɯt | *ɬɯɯɣəɬ | *tɯtə(k) | Ms. per original closed syllable? |
| "liver" | F. maksa | *móksé | *mokš | *musk | maaj | *majət | *muuɣəɬ | *mɯtə | Kh. *ɯɯ → *uu after a labial? |
| "mother-in-law" | F. anoppi | *vóném | - | - | - | *aanəp | *oonəp | *ɯnå | |
| "to put" | F. ahta- | *vókté- | *optə- | K. oktɯ- | - | - | *ɯɯɣət | *ɯtå- | |
| Indistinct between *ë_a and *a2_a | |||||||||
| "to stretch" | - | NS ńuoddzi- | *ńuž- | - | *ńuunš- | *ńɯɯnč | - | Argues against Ms. delabzn | |
| "to giv" | F. anta- | *vómté- | - | *ud- | ad- | - | - | - | |
| "to take off; to be able" | F. jaksa- | - | - | *juskɯ- | - | - | - | - | Er. jukśe- |
| "bitter" | F. karvas | - | - | *kurɯd | - | - | *koorəɣ ? | - | |
| "handle" | F. vanka | - | - | *vug | - | - | - | - | |
| "hoop" | F. vanne | - | - | *vudž | - | - | - | - | |
| "to reach" | Er. saźu- | - | - | *sudź- | - | - | - | - | |
| "stiff" | Er. tarďe | - | - | K. tur- | - | - | - | K. "to freeze" | |
| "tassel" | - | *tóŋké | - | *tug | - | - | - | - | |
| "to accuse" | - | NS guoccot | - | U. kušɯ | - | - | - | - | No other words! |
All the rest
| Lexeme | FM example | Samic | Mari | Permic | Hungarian | Mansi | Khanty | Samoyedic | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IE loans: FM *a_a, K. *a, H. *aa, Ms. *ɯɯ, Kh. *aa | |||||||||
| "100" | Mk. śada | *čóté | *šüðə | *śoo | saaz | *šɯɯt | *saat | - | ← II *śata; separately in P. ? |
| "calf" | F. vasa | *vósé | - | - | (üsöö) | *wɯɯsəɣ | - | - | ← II |
| "pole" | F. salko | *čólkój | - | K. dźal | saal | *sɯɯɣlaa | *saaɣəl | - | ← PIE *ɟʱalgʱaa |
| "value" | F. arvo | - | - | K. arta- | aar | - | - | - | ← II. Mo. aŕse- |
| Unclear correspondence 1: FM *a, Ma *u, P. *a, H. *a (with palatals) | |||||||||
| "meadow" | Es. aas | - | - | *adź | asoo | - | - | - | |
| "back; belly" | - | - | - | U. gač | has | - | - | - | |
| "stomach" | F. vatsa | - | - | U. vaś | - | - | - | - | F. → S. *vátté |
| "willow" | F. paju | *poajó | - | *baď | faɟal | - | - | *pewə | |
| "to hit" | Mk. ćapa- | *čóppé- | *čuča- | *ćapkɯ- | čap- | - | - | - | Onomatopoetic? |
| "to gro" | F. kasva- | - | *kuška- | - | hason ? | - | - | - | H. "use, advantage" |
| "shaft" | F. varsi | - | *wurðə | - | - | - | - | - | ← B? |
| Unclear correspondence 2: Ma *aa, P. *a (with palatals) | |||||||||
| "to fall" | - | *vóčé- | *waaza- | U. vaź- | - | - | - | - | Note Ma. *z |
| "shelter" | F. suoja | *sójé | *šaaj | *saj | - | - | - | - | |
| "to look" | - | - | *aanče- | *addź- | - | - | - | - | |
| "to take out" | - | - | *taara- | K. taral- | - | taar | - | - | Ma. "far", H. "open" |
| "to unravel" | - | *rúč- | *raanće- | K. radź- | ronɟ | - | *ratə- | - | Note Ma. *ć |
| Unclear correspondence 3: FM *a, P. front vowel, Ms. *a (substrate?) | |||||||||
| "understanding" | Er. važov | - | - | K. vežɤr | - | *aš | *oč | - | |
| "to (let) go" | Mk. laśka- | *lóšté- | - | *ledź- | - | *laśke- ? | *låsɣə- | - | Note Ms. *ś |
| "membrane" | F. kalvo | *kálɤ ? | - | *kiĺ | haaĺog | *kaĺəp | *kaĺi | - | Note *ĺ |
| Unclear correspondence 4: FM *a, M. *o, P. *ɯ, OU *uu | |||||||||
| "2" | F. kaksi | *kókté | *kok | *kɯk | keet | *kit | *kiit, käät | *kêtä | *kêt in eastern branches (incl. Permic?) |
| "ax" | F. tahko | - | *toš | *tɯš(k-) | - | - | - | - | F. "grindstone" |
| "thru" | Mk. pačk | - | - | K. pɯšji | - | *puuš | - | Se. pooč | |
| "to fall apart" | - | - | - | K. gɯlal- | - | *kuul- | *kuul- | - | |
| "coarse" | F. karke- | *kárkké | - | *gɯr- | - | - | - | - | |
| Unclear correspondence 5: F. *a, S. *á, Ms. *ää (from *ä?) | |||||||||
| "beaver" | F. majava | *májéké | - | U. mɯj ~ K. moj | - | - | - | - | Er. mijav |
| "power" | F. tarmo | *tármó | - | - | - | W. teeriŋ | E. tärəm | - | |
| "gall" | F. sappi | *sáppé | - | U. sep ~ K. sɤp | epe | *tääp | - | - | Mo. säpä |
| "board" | F. parsi | - | - | - | *päärt | *peert | - | ||
| "winter" | F. talvi | *tálvé | *tel | U. tol ~ K. tɤl | teel | *tääl | *teləɣ | Er. tele, Mk. ƭala | |
| "place" | F. ase- | - | - | - | - | - | - | Se. esɯ ~ Nen. ŋäso | Mo. eźem, Mk. (j)äźem, Er. iźim |
| Unclear correspondence 6: FM. *a, Ms. *uu, Kh. *o | |||||||||
| "to be able" | Mk. mašto- | - | *mɤšte- | - | - | *muust- | *moštə- | - | |
| "birch bark" | F. tana | - | - | - | - | *tuunt | *tontə | - | |
| "staff" | F. sauva | *čávŋé | - | - | - | *suuw | *soɣ | - | |
| "river bend" | - | - | - | K. voĺ | völɟ | *wuuĺ | *woɣəĺ | Ne. wäej | |
| Unclear correspondence 7: Ma. *aa, U. ɯ, K. u (shibilants?) | |||||||||
| "to go carefully" | - | *váncé- | *waanče- | U. vɯž- ~ K. vuž- | - | *wuunč- | *uunč- | *wånč- | |
| "root" | - | - | *waaž | U. vɯž ~ K. vuž | - | - | - | *wånčå | |
| "to be born" | Mk. šačo- | - | *šaača- | U. čɯžɯ- ~ K. ćuž- | - | *šašə | *čačə | *čäčə | |
| "to stand" | - | - | *šaa(l)ɣ | U. sɯl- ~ K. sulal- | aall- | - | - | ||
| to be sorted | |||||||||
| "lord" | Mk. azor | - | - | *oozɯr | - | *aatər | - | - | Komi ozɯr without /v/- |
| "much" | F. paljo | - | Hi. pülä | - | - | *paal | - | *påj | F. possibly ← Gmc. |
| "berry" | F. marja | *mórjé | *mör | - | - | *maar- | *muur- ? | - | |
| "to shade" | - | - | *šöšte- | K. saśtɯ- | - | - | - | - | "to darken" vs. "to hide" |
| "opening" | F. aukko | *vóŋɤs | äŋ | *vɤɤm | aj ~ aaj | - | *ooŋ | *äŋ | Mo. *oŋkśt; K. also vom; F. ← *aŋa- "to open" ? |
| "arch" | F. kaari | *kóŋɤr | - | - | - | - | *kooŋkar | - | Might be *o? |
| "tame" | - | *vóńɤs | - | - | - | - | *ońɯ | *ɯńə | |
| "wall" | F. pato | *póðó | - | - | fal | - | *pal | - | |
| "to touch" | F. kajoa- | *kájó- | - | - | *kaaj- | *kaaj- | - | ||
| "aunt" | Mk. ańa- | *vóńé- | - | U. ańɯ ~ K. ɤń | aanɟ, ańa | *aań(-iikʷa) | *anəkə | *ɤńä | Check Smy. |
| "to put" | F. pane- | - | *paańəža- | *pɤn- | - | *pun- | *pan- | *pɯn- | |
| "across" | - | - | *kaač | K. kɤččɤb | - | - | - | - | |
| "light" | F. salama | - | - | - | *sɯɯl | *sal- | *sålə | ||
| "to open" | F. ava- | - | - | - | old-, ood- | *ɯɯŋk- | *ääŋ-? aa~ee | - | |
| "to leave" | Mk. valgo- | *vólké- | *waale- | - | vaal- | *wɯɯɣəl | *wɯɯɣəl | - | |
| "net needle" | - | *čópsémé | *šaapš | - | - | *taas | #sååpəs | - | Possibly *o? |
| "to dry" | - | - | - | - | asoo | *taaš | #såås | ||
| "hole" | - | - | *raaž | K. roź | rees | - | - | - | |
| "to dig" | Mk. kara- | - | *kaare- | K. kɯr- | - | - | *kiir- ? | - | P. *kɯr- in general "to wash" |
| "pale" | - | - | *šapa- | - | saapad- | - | - | - | |
| "father-in-law" | F. appi | vóppɤ | *owo | - | ipa | *up | *uup | *əpə | |
| "sleigh" | F. ahkio | - | - | - | - | - | *oɣəɬ | Nen. ŋuutuuʔ | |
| "rotten" | - | *cómcé | *šać | *žoodź | - | - | - | - | |
| "dry place" | F. kaŋŋas | - | *kaŋɣa | - | - | *kuŋkʷə ? | - | - | |
| "instrument" | Mk. kaŕźi | - | *kärəš | U. kɯre(d)ź | - | - | - | - | |
| "pond" | F. lampi | *lómpɤl | Me. lop | - | - | - | - | *lɯmpå | |
| "flat side" | F. lapa | *lópé | - | - | - | N. lop? | - | *lɤpä | Cf. next! |
| "flat" | F. lappea | *láppɤ | *lap | *laap | lap | - | E. lapsək | - | S. "aside" |
| "to press" | F. paina- | *pájné- | - | *paańV- | - | *pańəɣt | - | Ka. paŋdə- | S. ← F? |
| "shine" | F. valkea | *vélké | *waalɣə | *vaaĺk | (vilaag) | waĺk | waĺ- | - | Note *ĺ |
| "early" | - | - | *aažno | *vaadź | - | - | - | - | |
| "valley" | In. lakso | leakšɤ | *laksa | U. los(k) | - | - | - | - | |
| "woman" | F. nainen | - | - | - | naas | *nääji | *naaji ? | - | |
| "painted" | - | - | ? pač | U. pužɯ | - | - | - | Ne. paadaa- ~ Ng. fadu- | |
| "to freeze" | Mk. palo- | *pólɤš | - | - | faɟ | *paaĺ- | *pojət- | ||
| "flock" | F. parvi | - | - | *pur | - | - | *parə | - | |
| "gadfly" | Es. parm | - | *paarmə | - | - | - | - | - | F. paarma, Mo. purom |
| "close" | F. rakas | - | - | - | rokon | *raaw | *raɣ | - | |
| "tail" | - | - | *paač | *bɤɤž | - | *panš | *poč | *pančå | Could also be *o? |
| "gold, copper" | - | - | - | - | arań | *tarəń | *ɬoorńə | ||
| "ski" | - | *čójkɤ | - | - | - | *taj- | - | *tåj(-kə) | |
| "resin" | F. kata | NS kaččé | - | - | - | - | *kåCə | S. *kássé ← Gmc. | |
| "snot" | F. natta | IS ńetti | - | - | - | - | - | Ne. naad- ~ Ng. noudi- | |
| "fishing gear" | - | - | *mača | - | - | - | - | Se. maaše- | Coincidental? |
| "piece" | F. sukku | - | - | - | sak | - | *sak | - | |
| "thick" | F. sakea | *sókɤ | *šukɤ | K. suk | - | - | - | - | |
| "1000" | - | - | - | *śurs | - | *šaatər- | *ťarəs | Cf. "100" | |
| "to hurry" | - | - | - | - | sorog- | #surəkt | *saarək | ||
| "to scrape" | - | - | - | *vušt- | vaas- | *ašk- | #wååčəɣ- | - | |
| "to stomp" | F. tappa- | - | - | *tap- | top- | - | - | *tApər- | F. "to kill". Onomatopoetic? |
| "to bend" | F. taipu- | *toajé- | - | K. tuj- | - | *tääjəp- | *tɯɯj- | *tɯj- ? | Check Smy. |
| "back" | F. taka | - | - | - | - | - | - | *tɤkä | |
| "to sink" | - | - | - | - | maart- | *muur- | *marət- | ||
| "to hang" | F. takertu- | - | - | - | - | - | *taɣər- | Se. tokua- ? | |
| "skin" | F. talja | *tóljé | *tåjå | if not F & S. ← B. | |||||
| "this" | Es. ta | - | *ta | K. to | - | - | *tamə | *tå | |
| "old" | F. vanha | - | - | U. vuž ~ K. važ | - | - | - | - | |
| "to shame" | Mo. viźďe | - | *waažəla- | U. vodźɯt- | - | - | - | - | |
| "to thro" | Mk. vačka- | - | vačka- ? | - | - | - | *waaškalt- | ||
| "to breik" | F. katkea- | - | *kɤɤčkeða- | U. kwačkal- | - | - | - | - | |
| "sister" | Mk. sazor | - | *šɤɤžar | *soozər | F. sisar ← B. | ||||
| "good" | Mk. para | *póré | *pooro | *bur | - | - | - | - | ← IA. Ma. also *paarema- "to recover" |
| "blueberry" | - | - | *moodə | - | - | - | - | Ka. modo | |
| Irregularities explainable by loan etymologies for some branches | |||||||||
| "woven band" | F. vaula | *vóvlé | - | - | - | *waaɣlap | - | - | F & S. ← Gmc. |
| "door bolt" | F. sarana | - | U. dźɯrɯ ~ K. dźir | čir | - | - | - | F. may be ← Baltic | |
| "bay" | F. lahti | *lóktɤ | - | - | - | *look | *lok | - | F & S. ← Baltic? |
| "hut" | F. talas | *tálo | - | U. tɯlɯs | - | *tuul | - | - | Ms = "pole". F. & S. may be ← Baltic *tala- |
| "far" | F. kauka(lo) | - | - | - | - | *kooɣ? | - | Mk. kuvaka, kovil. Apparently F ← Gmc, rest *-uwV- | |
| "to look" | F. katso- | keaččɤ- | - | U. kaźal- | - | - | - | - | F. may be ← Gmc. |
| "flat" | F. lattea | *laptɤ | - | - | - | *laaptək | *lApta ? | F. may be ← Gmc. | |
| "river" | Mk. rava | - | - | - | - | - | *roɣə | - | Mo. "Volga", Kh. "mud" (Cf F. rapa "mud") |
| "board" | F. lauta | *lóvté | - | - | - | - | - | *låtå | F & S. ← Baltic? |
| "asp" | F. haapa | *súpé | *šaapke | - | - | - | - | - | ← Gmc *asp- with metathesis?! |
| "branch" | F. hanka | - | - | aag | *tɯɯɣ | *ɬaɣə | - | F. ← Gmc. | |
| "stiff" | F. tankea | *töŋɣe- | - | - | - | - | - | Mari may be ← Turkic | |
| "cheap" | F. halpa | - | *šulðɤ | - | - | - | - | - | F. ← Gmc *salwa ? |
| "metal" | F. vaski | veašké | *waaž | U. vɯś ~ K. veś | vas | *vüš | *waɣ | *wäsä | Mo. *vəśkä. ← Toch.? |
| "maple" | Es. vaher | - | *waaštar | - | - | - | - | - | Mo. ukštor. Possibly ← Toch. |
| "to tred" | F. talla- | - | K. taĺ- | - | - | - | - | Loan from F. → K? | |
| Messy crap | |||||||||
| "beginning" | F. alka- | *vólké- | - | - | - | *aawəl | *aaləŋ | *olə- | Cf. *ole- "to be" ? |
| "sour" | F. hapan | - | *šaabə | - | sava-, sooska- | *šɯɯɣ- | *čoɣ- ? | - | Coincidental? |
| "armpit" | Mk. kaval | kájŋél | *koŋla | *kun | hoon | *kanəl | *konəŋ | *kali ? (En. seeri) | F. kainalo, Veps kaimal |
| "nits" | Mk. śar̥ka | čívrós | *šarkeńe | *śerel | - | N. seeri ? | E. sɯr ? | Ka. šurijar ? | F. saivar |
| "gull" | F. kajava | kájéké | K. gaďa | - | *kaajik | - | Ne. ho | Substrate word? Cf. "beaver" | |
| "elm" | Mk. śäĺi | - | *šol | - | sil | - | - | - | F. salava "willow" ? Might be *ä. |
| "fly" | Mk. karvo | - | *karme | - | - | - | - | - | F. kärpänen |
| "to split" | F. sali- | čólɤ- | - | - | sil | - | - | - | Cf. F. säle "splinter" |
| "to want" | F. havi- | - | - | - | - | *taŋk- | *ɬaŋkaa- | - | Ve. habi- |
| "to rise" | F. kapua- | - | - | - | - | - | *kåɣaaɣəl | - | F. "climb"; Kh. "to float" |
| "wet sno" | - | *vónčé | - | - | - | - | *uuťkəl | - | |
| "skis" | - | SS. laabje | - | - | - | - | E. lump | Ne. lampa | No other words. |
| "to graze" | - | kótó- | - | - | - | - | - | Ne. hadu ~ Ng. kəðu- | |
| "woods" | - | *mójðé | - | - | - | - | - | Se. mačče | Weak. IS "hunt" |
| "vessel" | F. saima- | - | - | U. śumɯk | - | - | *sooma ? | Se. somma ? | Mo. śuma, śima. Semantics all over the place. |
