Proto-Uralic/A
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The many and varied cognates of Finno-Volgaic *a. (→ Finnic and Mordvinic *a, Samic *ó)
Bold marks apparent vocalic irregularities (note tho that rules for Permic are partly unclear), red consonantal. Italic cases are unclear.
Mari and Permic feature an ad hoc reconstruction:
- short vowels = branches agree
- except *ɤ = Meadow Mari /o/
- Mari *aa *oo *ɤɤ = /a o ɤ/ in Hill Mari, /o u u/ in Meadow Mari
- Permic *aa *oo *ɤɤ = /o (v)o (v)ɤ/ in Komi, /a u ɯ/ in Udmurt
- In Komi, /v/ appears initially
Abbreviations used: B. = Baltic, Cf. = 'compare', En = Enets, Er. = Erźa, Es. = Estonian, F. = Finnish, Gmc. = Germanic, H. = Hungarian, Hi. = Hill Mari, IA = Indo-Aryan, IE = Indo-European, K. = Komi, Ka. = Kamass, Kh. = Khanty, Li. = Livonian, Ma. = Mari, Me. = Meadow Mari, Mk. = Mokša, Mo. = Mordvinic, Ms. = Mansi, N = North, Ne. = Nenets, Ng. = Nganasan, P. = Permic, PU = Proto-Uralic, S. = Samic, South, Se. = Selkup, Smy. = Samoyedic, U. = Udmurt, Ve. = Veps
| Lexeme | FV example | Mari | Permic | Hungarian | Mansi | Khanty | Samoyedic | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ma. *aa, P. *oo, H. a, Ms. & Kh. *uu, Smy. *å (standard PU *a) | ||||||||
| "bit" | F. pala | *pultəš | - | fal | *puul | *puul | *pålä | Possibly K. palak "hole" |
| "pot" | F. pata | *paat | - | fazeek | *puut | *puut | - | |
| "to open" | Mk. panže- | *paača- | - | - | *puunš | *puunč | - | |
| "young deer" | Mk. śarda | *šaarðɤ | - | - | *suurtə | *suurtə | Ne. siraj ? | |
| "to scoop" | F. amme- | - | - | - | *uum- | *uum- | - | |
| "marsh" | F. aro | - | - | - | *uuraj | *uurə | - | |
| "to step" | F. askel- | *aaškəl- | *ooćkVl- | - | *uusəl | - | *äsəl | Smy. palatalization before a palzd. coda. |
| "mountain" | S. *váré | - | *vɤɤr | - | *wur | *wuur | *wårå | P. *oo → *ɤɤ after a labial |
| "to go carefully" | S. *váncé- | *waanče- | U. vɯž- ~ K. vuž- | - | *wuunč- | *uunč- | *wånč- | |
| "to hit" | Mk. šavo- | *čaaŋɣe- | - | - | *šɯɯŋkʷ- | *čooŋk- | *čåŋå- | S. *cáŋmé-. Ms. transfer of labialization? |
| "village" | F. palva- | - | falu | *pɯɯwəl | *puuɣəl | - | Ms. transfer of labialization? | |
| "sun" | F. kaja- | *kaaja- | - | - | - | - | *kåjå | |
| "to peel" | Mk. vatka- | *waatka- | - | - | - | - | Ne. waataa- | |
| "in heat" | S. *čóðé- | - | K. ćual- | salad- | - | - | *såjä | F. suota? Smy palatal assimilation? |
| "to present" | Mk. kaźe- | *kužək | *koodźim | hason | - | - | *kåsɯ ? | |
| "to dig" | F. kaiva- | *kooe- | *kooj- | hajiit- | - | - | *käjwå- | Smy. palzn. Ma. *oo may be explainable by reduction of *-jw- |
| "to thro" | Mo. kaja- | - | *kooj- | hajiit- | - | - | - | Homophonic with the prev. |
| "foot" | F. jalka | *jaal | - | ɟalog | - | - | - | |
| "to bild" | F. rakenta- | - | - | rak- | - | - | - | |
| "to grasp" | F. tarttu- | - | - | tart- | - | - | - | |
| "penis" | S. *póčɤ | - | - | fas | - | - | - | |
| "roof" | F. lakka | - | - | lak- | - | - | - | H. "to dwell" |
| "brain" | F. aivo | - | aɟ | - | - | - | Mk. uj | |
| "root" | - | *waaž | U. vɯž ~ K. vuž | - | - | - | *wånčå | |
| "currant" | - | *šaaptər | U. suter ~ K. setɤr | - | - | - | - | |
| "to close" | - | paačke- | U. pɯškɯ- | - | - | - | - | P. labial dissim. |
| "smell" | F. katku | K. kočɯs | - | - | - | - | Cf. "bitter" | |
| "shine" | F. valkea | *waalɣə | *vaaĺk | (vilaag) | waĺk | waĺ- | - | |
| "to grind" | F. jauha- | *jaaŋɤže- | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "rake" | F. hara | *šaar | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "opposite" | F. vasta | *waašta | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "fishing net" | F. vata | *waat | - | - | - | - | - | ← Gmc? |
| "wet" | Mk. načka | *naačkə | - | - | - | (*ńašak) | - | Khanty "raw" may not belong |
| Ma. *o, P. *oo, H. aa, Ms. *uu, Kh. *aa, Smy. *å (standard PU *a also) | ||||||||
| "to steal" | F. sala- | *šolə- | - | - | *tuul- | *ɬaal- | *tål- ? | |
| "white" | Mk. akša | *oš | - | - | - | *aaš | - | |
| "flood, lake" | F. sarajas | - | - | aar | *tuur | *ɬaar | - | |
| "to conjure" | Er. al(s)ta- | *ulte- | - | aald- | - | *aaɬəɬ- | - | |
| "to beat soft" | F. vanu- | - | - | vaańol- | - | - | - | |
| "to dry" | - | - | *śur- | saar- | *šuur- | #saar- | - | |
| "low ground" | - | - | U. śum | - | *suujəm | *saajəm | - | |
| "crust" | F. kamara | *kom | *koomVĺ | haaml- | köömtol ~ kamtul? | - | Ne. såw | U. also kɤm |
| "net" | F. kalin | - | K. kulɤm | haalo | *kuuləp | *kaaləp | - | |
| "to stand" | Liv. saiso- | *šinće- | K. sidź- | - | *tuunś | *ɬaanć | *tensə- | Finnish seiso-. Ma, K & Smy. point to original *ä. (Mo. *śta- ← IE?) |
| Mari, Hungarian and Khanty disagree | ||||||||
| "fish" | F. kala | *kol | - | hal | *kuul | *kuul | *kålä | |
| "to leave" | S. *kóðé- | *koðV- | U. kɯĺ- ~ K. koĺ- | haɟ- | *kuuĺ- | *kaaj- | *kåjä- | |
| "to carry" | F. kanta- | *kaande- | - | - | *kuunt | *kaant | *kån- | |
| "crow" | F. varis | - | - | varjuu | *uurin | *uurŋ- ~ warŋ- | *wər- | Check Smy |
| "to burst" | F. pakahtu- | - | - | fakad- | - | *paaɣ- | - | |
| Indistinct *a | ||||||||
| "to sink" | F. vajo- | - | *vɤɤj(ɯ)- | vejse- | *uuj- | - | - | P. labial dissim. |
| "to step" | Mk. šašto- | - | - | - | *šuuš- | *čooč- | *čåčä- | |
| "hard" | S. *čárés | - | *ćoorɯd | - | - | - | *sårə | No F. or Mo. |
| "with" | F. kanssa | - | *gooz | - | - | - | - | |
| "rump" | Mk. kaska | - | *koos | - | - | - | - | |
| "to roash" | F. paahta- | - | *pɤɤž- | - | - | - | - | P. labial dissim. F. 2ndary length? |
| "to drive" | F. aja- | - | *ooj- | - | *wujt- | - | - | ← IE *aɟe- ? |
| "series" | F. sarja | - | *śoor | - | - | - | - | |
| "to receive" | F. saa- | *šoo- | K. su- | - | - | - | *tåj- | *saxi. Ma. *oo, K. u possibly from reduction of *-x- (cf. *kajwa-) |
| "in-law" | F. nato | *nuðo | - | - | - | - | *nåto | |
| "to want" | Mk. karma- | - | - | - | - | - | *kårmä ? | |
| "death" | F. kalma | - | - | - | - | *kålm- | Cf. "to die" | |
| "knot" | Mk. pakškä | - | - | - | - | - | *påktV | |
| "ground" | F. tanner | - | - | - | - | - | *tåntə- | |
| "branch" | S. *sórké | - | - | - | - | - | *tårkå | |
| "to stick" | S. *čóŋké- | - | - | - | - | - | *såŋkə- | |
| "word" | F. vala | - | - | - | - | - | *wålä | |
| "left" | F. vasen | - | - | - | - | - | *wåtä ? | |
| "to rain" | F. sata- | - | - | - | - | - | *sårå- | S. *čáðé-; *čócé- "to hit" |
| "crane" | Mk. karga | - | - | - | - | - | *kårə ? | F. kurki |
| "thru" | Mk. šačk | - | - | - | - | - | Se. sačk | Only Mo. and Se, sibilant assimilation? |
| "spirit" | Mk. vajmä | - | - | - | - | *wäjŋ- | Smy. palzn; S. vájmó, Er. ojme, F. vaimo "woman" | |
| Apparent std. PU *ax | ||||||||
| "streak" | F. juoni | - | - | - | - | - | - | Mo. jan |
| "bed" | F. vuode | *aaĺ | - | - | if F. not ← vuota ← B. | |||
| "mountain" | F. vuori | *waar | Related to *wara? | |||||
| "tree spec." | F. saarni | *šäärtńi, šartńi | *śir | - | - | - | - | Li. säärna. F. "ash", Ma "willow", P. "elm" |
| "to lecture" | F. saarna- | - | K. śorni- | - | - | *sarna- | - | S. *sárné (if not ← F) |
| "" | ||||||||
| Apparent std. PU *ox (for comparision) | ||||||||
| "pit" | F. kuoppa | U. gop | Coincidental? | |||||
| "crust" | F. kuori | - | K. kɯrś | - | *kur- | *kor- | Sk. ker- ? | Mo. kaŕ |
| "to die" | F. kuole- | *kole- | *kul- | hal- | *kaal- | *kal- | *kåə- | Mo. kulo- |
| "to lick" | F. nuole- | *nɤɤle- | *ńul- | ńal- | *ńal- | *ńal- | *ńåə- | S. noaló-, Mo. nola-. Check Smy forms |
| "berry" | F. puola | - | K. pul | boĺoo, boɟoo ? | *pul | - | *pål- | |
| "intestine" | F. suoli | *šol | *śul | - | - | *sol | - | |
| "pole" | F. vuoli | - | K. ɯɯ ? | - | *ula | *wol | *uj | |
| "year" | F. vuosi | - | *vaa | vaĺ | - | *ål ? | - | |
| "" | ||||||||
| Ma. ö/ü, P. short *u, long *ɤ, Ms. *ɯɯ, Kh. *aa, Smy. *ɤ (standard PU *ë_i) | ||||||||
| "tree stump" | F. kanto | - | (K. gɯd) | - | *kɯɯnt | *kaant | - | Komi = "bend, bottom", may not belong |
| "mushroom" | Mk. pango | *poŋɣɤ | - | - | *pɯɯŋk | *paaŋk | - | |
| "pole" | F. salko | - | K. dźal | saal | *sɯɯɣlaa | *saaɣəl | - | ← PIE *ɟʱalgʱaa, separately in K./H. ? |
| "100" | Mk. śada | *šüðə | *śoo | saaz | *šɯɯt | *saat | - | ← PII *śata; separately in P./H. ? |
| "land" | F. maa | *mü, *mu | *mu | - | *mɯɯ | *meɣ | - | Reduction of *x? Monosyllabic? |
| "wet place" | Mk. nar | *nöre- | *ńur | ńirok | *ńɯɯr | - | *ńɤr | |
| "to bury" | - | *müde- | *mudɯ- | - | - | - | - | |
| "hoop" | F. vanne | - | *vudž | - | - | - | - | |
| "handle" | F. vanka | - | *vug | - | - | - | - | |
| "to reach" | Er. saźu- | - | *sudź- | - | - | - | - | |
| "stiff" | Er. tarďe | - | K. tur- | - | - | - | K. "to freeze" | |
| "tassel" | S. *tóŋké | - | *tug | - | - | - | - | |
| "to accuse" | NS guoccot | - | U. kušɯ | - | - | - | - | No other words! |
| "gills" | S. *ńókčɤm | *naašmə | K. ńokćim | - | *ńɯɯkśəm | *ńaa(ŋ)kśəm | Ne. ńińśku, Ka. neeni | |
| "hair" | S. *vóptɤ | *üp | - | - | *ɯɯt | *aapət | *ɤptə | |
| "swede" | Ve. nagriž | - | - | - | *nɯɯr | *naaɣər | - | |
| "calf" | F. vasa | - | - | (üsöö) | *wɯɯsəɣ | - | - | ← II |
| "cartilage" | S. *ńórkés | *nörɣə | - | ńiir | *ńɯɯrəɣ | *ńaarəɣ | *ńɤr | |
| "child, cradle" | F. lapsi | *lɤpš | - | - | - | - | *jɤpsə / *lɤpsə | |
| "vein" | Mk. san | *šün | *sɤn | iin | *tɯɯn | *ɬaan | *čɤn | *ëx! F. suoni |
| "arrow" | Mk. nal | *nölö | U. ńil ~ K. ńɯl | ńiil | *ńɯɯl | *ńaal | *ńɤəj | *ëx! F. nuoli |
| "fish skin" | Mk. śav | *šüm | *śɤm | - | *sɯɯm | *saam | Ne. śaaw ?? | *ëx! F. suomu |
| "bird cherry" | S. *ðómɤ | *lom | *ĺɤm | - | *ĺɯɯm | *joom | *jɤəm | *ëx! F. tuomi, Mo. ĺom |
| "to bite" | S. kácké- | *kaačka- | K. gɤčkɯ- | - | - | - | - | No F. or Mo. |
| "bitter" | F. katkera | *kaača- | U. kɤš | - | *kɯɯšɣə ? | *kiičə ? | - | Cf. |
| "to produce" | F. suolta- | - | *ćɤlt- | - | - | - | - | if F. not ← *soxli |
| "to whittle" | F. vuole- | - | *vɤl- | - | *walt- | *walt- | ||
| Ma. o/ü, P. *u Ms. *a, Kh. *ɯɯ, Smy. *ɯ (standard PU *ë_a - note open syllables in Smy!) | ||||||||
| "down" | F. ala- | *ül | *ul | al- | *jal | *ɯɯl | *ɯlə | |
| "to divide" | F. jaka- | - | *juk | - | *jåɣtit ? | *jɯɯɣəɬ | *jɤkə- | Ms. East only. Check Smy forms. |
| "sembra" | - | - | *sus | - | *tɯɯt | *ɬɯɯɣəɬ | *tɯtə(k) | Ms. per original closed syllable? |
| "liver" | F. maksa | *mokš | *musk | maaj | *majət | *muuɣəɬ | *mɯtə | |
| "mother-in-law" | F. anoppi | - | - | - | *aanəp | *oonəp | *ɯnå | |
| "to put" | F. ahta- | *optə- | K. oktɯ- | - | - | *ɯɯɣət | *ɯtå- | |
| "to stretch" | S. *ńóncé- | *ńuž- | - | *ńuunš- | *ńɯɯnč | - | ||
| "to giv" | F. anta- | - | *ud- | ad- | - | - | - | |
| Unclear correspondence 1: FV *a, Ma *u, P. *a, H. *a | ||||||||
| "meadow" | Es. aas | - | *adź | asoo | - | - | - | |
| "stomach" | F. vatsa | - | U. vaś | - | - | - | - | |
| "willow" | F. paju | - | *baď | faɟal | - | - | *pewə | |
| "to gro" | F. kasva- | *kuška- | - | hason ? | - | - | - | H. "use, advantage" |
| "to hit" | Mk. ćapa- | *čuča- | *ćapkɯ- | čap- | - | - | - | Onomatopoetic? |
| Unclear correspondence 2: FV *a, Ma *aa, P. *u | ||||||||
| "to chop" | Er. čapo- | - | *čup- | - | - | *čopam | - | S. *cápɤ-. Cf. prev. |
| "land" | F. lansi | Hi. landaka | *lud | - | - | - | *lɤmtu- | ← IE at least in Ma? |
| "to take off; to be able" | F. jaksa- | - | *juskɯ- | - | - | - | - | Er. jukśe- |
| "groove" | F. latu | *laaðo | K. lu | - | - | - | - | ← Baltic? |
| "rotten" | - | *kaaškə- | *kuź | - | - | - | - | |
| "to stand" | - | *šaa(l)ɣ- | *sul- | aall- | - | - | - | U. also sɯl- |
| "to gro" | - | *paaše- | *pušjɯ- | - | - | - | - | |
| "to ask" | - | *jaada- | *jual- | - | - | - | - | P. ← *-uða- ? |
| Unclear correspondence 3: Ma *aa, P. *a | ||||||||
| "to fall" | S. *vóčé- | *waaza- | U. vaź- | - | - | - | - | |
| "shelter" | F. suoja | *šaaj | *saj | - | - | - | - | |
| "to look" | - | *aanče- | *addź- | - | - | - | - | |
| "to take out" | - | *taara- | K. taral- | - | taar | - | - | Ma. "far", H. "open" |
| "to unravel" | S. *rúnč- | *raanće- | K. radź- | ronɟ | - | *ratə- | - | |
| to be sorted | ||||||||
| "lord" | Mk. azor | - | *oozɯr | - | *aatər | - | - | Komi ozɯr without /v/- |
| "woven band" | F. vaula | - | - | - | *waaɣlap | - | - | |
| "berry" | F. marja | *mör | - | - | *maari ? | *muur- ? | - | OU may be related to *mura |
| "much" | F. paljo | Hi. pülä | - | - | *paal | - | *påj | F. possibly ← Gmc. |
| "to get wet" | *lóccɤ- | *löčä- | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "opening" | S. *vóŋɤs | äŋ | *vɤɤm | aj ~ aaj | - | *ooŋ | *äŋ | Mo. *oŋkśt; K. also vom; these here because of F. *aukko, which possibly < *aŋa- "to open" ? |
| "tame" | S. *vóńɤs | - | - | - | - | *ońɯ | *ɯńə | |
| "wall" | F. pato | - | - | fal | - | *pal | - | |
| "to touch" | F. kajoa- | - | - | *kaaj- | *kaaj- | - | S. kájó- | |
| "aunt" | Mk. ańa- | - | U. ańɯ ~ K. ɤń | aanɟ, ańa | *aań- | *anəkə | Se. ońe ~ Nen. ńeje ? | |
| "light" | F. salama | - | - | *sɯɯl | *sal- | *sålə | ||
| "to open" | F. ava- | - | - | old-, ood- | *ɯɯŋk- | *ääŋ-? aa~ee | - | |
| "to leave" | Mk. valgo- | *waale- | - | vaal- | *wɯɯɣəl | *wɯɯɣəl | - | |
| "net needle" | S. *čópsémé | *šaapš | - | - | *taas | #sååpəs | - | No F. or Mo. Possibly *o? |
| "to dry" | - | - | - | asoo | *taaš | #såås | ||
| "across" | - | *kaač | K. kɤččɤb | - | - | - | - | |
| "hole" | - | *raaž | K. roź | rees | - | - | - | |
| "to dig" | Mk. kara- | *kaare- | K. kɯr- | - | - | *kiir- ? | - | P. *kɯr- in general "to wash" |
| "to shoot" | F. ampa- | U. ɯb- | - | - | - | - | S. ámpo- | |
| "pale" | - | šapa- | - | saapad- | - | - | - | |
| "father-in-law" | F. appi | *owo | - | ipa | *up | *uup | *əpə | |
| "value" | F. arvo | - | K. arta- | aar | - | - | - | ← Indo-Iranian |
| "place" | F. ase- | - | - | - | - | - | Se. esɯ ~ Nen. ŋäso | Mo. eźem, Mk. (j)äźem, Er. iźim |
| "sleigh" | F. ahkio | - | - | - | - | *oɣəɬ | Nen. ŋuutuuʔ | |
| "rotten" | S. *cómcé | *šać | *žoodź | - | - | - | - | |
| "gruel" | Mk. jam | - | - | - | - | - | *jämä | |
| "to breik" | F. katkea- | *kɤɤčkeða- | U. kwačkal- | - | - | - | - | |
| "arch" | S. kóŋɤr | - | - | - | - | *kooŋkar | - | Might be *o, despite F. kaari |
| "dry place" | F. kaŋŋas | *kaŋɣa | - | - | *kuŋkʷə ? | - | - | |
| "instrument" | Mk. kaŕźi | *kärəš | U. kɯre(d)ź | - | - | - | - | |
| "coarse" | F. karke- | - | *gɯr- | - | - | - | - | |
| "pond" | F. lampi | Me. lop | - | - | - | - | *lɯmpå | |
| "flat side" | F. lapa | - | - | - | N. lop? | - | *lɤpä | Cf. next! |
| "flat" | F. lappea | *lap | *laap | lap | - | E. lapsək | - | S. *láppɤ "aside" |
| "early" | - | *aažno | *vaadź | - | - | - | - | Can also be *o? |
| "valley" | In. lakso | *laksa | U. los(k) | - | - | - | - | |
| "woman" | F. nainen | - | - | naas | *nääji | *naaji ? | - | |
| "rodent" | Mk. maksa- | - | - | - | - | *maaɣ | - | Weak. Mo. "mole", Kh. "beaver" |
| "to be able" | Mk. mašto- | *mɤšte- | - | - | *muust- | *moštə- | - | |
| "beaver" | F. majava | U. mɯj ~ K. moj | S. *májéké, Er. mijav | |||||
| "to sink" | - | - | - | maart- | *muur- | *marət- | ||
| "thru" | Mk. pačk | - | K. pɯšji | - | *puuš | - | Se. pooč | |
| "painted" | - | ? pač | U. pužɯ | - | - | - | Ne. paadaa- ~ Ng. fadu- | |
| "to press" | F. paina- | - | *paańV- | - | *pańəɣt | - | Ka. paŋdə- | |
| "to put" | F. pane- | *paańəža- | *pɤn- | - | *pun- | *pan- | *pɯn- | |
| "to freeze" | Mk. palo- | - | - | faɟ | *paaĺ- | *pojət- | ||
| "flock" | F. parvi | - | *pur | - | - | *parə | - | |
| "good" | Mk. para | *pooro | *bur | - | - | - | - | ← IA. Ma. also *paarema- "to recover" |
| "gadfly" | Es. parm | *paarmə | - | - | - | - | - | F. paarma, Mo. purom |
| "close" | F. rakas | - | - | rokon | *raaw | *raɣ | - | |
| "understanding" | Er. važov | - | K. vežɤr | - | *aš | *oč | - | |
| "to (let) go" | Mk. laśka- | - | *ledź- | - | *laśke- ? | *låsɣə- | - | |
| "to scrape" | - | - | *vušt- | vaas- | *ašk- | #wååčəɣ- | - | |
| "tail" | - | *paač | *bɤɤž | - | *panš | *poč | *pančå | Could also be *o? |
| "to be born" | Mk. šačo- | *šaača- | U. čɯžɯ- ~ K. ćuž- | - | *šašə | *čačə | *čäčə | |
| "gold, copper" | - | - | - | arań | *tarəń | *ɬoorńə | ||
| "membrane" | F. kalvo | *kiĺ | haaĺog | *kaĺəp | *kaĺi | |||
| "ski" | *čójkɤ | - | - | - | *taj- | - | *tåj(-kə) | |
| "resin" | F. kata | - | - | - | - | *kåCə | S. kɤččé, koaccé | |
| "snot" | F. natta | - | - | - | - | - | Ne. naad- ~ Ng. noudi- | |
| "fishing gear" | - | *mača | - | - | - | - | Se. maaše- | Coincidental? |
| "blueberry" | - | *moodə | - | - | - | - | Ka. modo | |
| "piece" | F. sukku | - | - | sak | - | *sak | - | |
| "thick" | F. sakea | *šukɤ | K. suk | - | - | - | - | |
| "1000" | - | - | *śurs | - | *šaatər- | *ťarəs | Cf. "100" | |
| "to hurry" | - | - | - | sorog- | #surəkt | *saarək | ||
| "to shade" | - | *šöšte- | K. saśtɯ- | - | - | - | - | "to darken" vs. "to hide" |
| "sister" | Mk. sazor | *šɤɤžar | *soozər | F. sisar ← B. | ||||
| "staff" | F. sauva | - | - | - | *suuw | *soɣ | - | S. *čávŋé |
| "twig" | S. *tórkɤ | - | - | - | - | *tuuɣər | - | |
| "grass" | Es. tarn | - | *turɯm | - | - | - | - | |
| "to stomp" | F. tappa- | - | *tap- | top- | - | - | *tApər- | F. "to kill". Onomatopoetic? |
| "to bend" | F. taipu- | - | K. tuj- | - | *tääjəp- | *tɯɯj- | *tɯj- ? | S. *toajé-. Check Smy. |
| "back" | F. taka | - | - | - | - | - | *tɤkä | |
| "to hang" | F. takertu- | - | - | - | - | *taɣər- | Se. tokua- ? | |
| "skin" | F. talja | *tåjå | if not F & S. ← B. | |||||
| "ax" | F. tahko | *toš | *tɯš(k-) | - | - | - | - | F. "grindstone" |
| "this" | Es. ta | *ta | K. to | - | - | *tamə | *tå | |
| "birch bark" | F. tana | - | - | - | *tuunt | *tontə | - | |
| "river bend" | - | - | K. voĺ | völɟ | *wuuĺ | *woɣəĺ | Ne. wäej | |
| "shaft" | F. varsi | *wurðə | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "old" | F. vanha | - | U. vuž ~ K. važ | - | - | - | - | |
| "to shame" | Mo. viźďe | *waažəla- | U. vodźɯt- | - | - | - | - | |
| "to thro" | Mk. vačka- | vačka- ? | - | - | - | *waaškalt- | ||
| Irregularities explainable by loan etymologies for some branches | ||||||||
| "door bolt" | F. sarana | U. dźɯrɯ ~ K. dźir | čir | - | - | - | F. may be ← Baltic | |
| "bitter" | F. karvas | - | *kurɯd | - | - | *koorəɣ ? | - | F. may be ← Baltic |
| "bay" | F. lahti | - | - | - | *look | *lok | - | F & S. ← Baltic? |
| "hut" | F. talas | - | U. tɯlɯs | - | *tuul | - | - | Ms = "pole". S. *tálo & F. may be ← Baltic *tala- |
| "far" | F. kauka(lo) | - | - | - | - | *kooɣ? | - | Mk. kuvaka, kovil. Apparently F ← Gmc, rest *-uwV- |
| "to look" | F. katso- | - | U. kaźal- | - | - | - | - | S. keaččɤ-. F. may be ← Gmc. |
| "flat" | F. lattea | *laptɤ | - | - | - | *laaptək | *lApta ? | F. may be ← Gmc. |
| "river" | Mk. rava | - | - | - | - | *roɣə | - | Mo. "Volga", Kh. "mud" (Cf F. rapa "mud") |
| "board" | F. lauta | - | - | - | - | - | *lAta | F & S. ← Baltic? |
| "asp" | F. haapa | *šaapke | - | - | - | - | - | S. *súpé; ← Gmc *asp- with metathesis?! |
| "branch" | F. hanka | - | - | aag | *tɯɯɣ | *ɬaɣə | - | F. ← Gmc. |
| "stiff" | F. tankea | *töŋɣe- | - | - | - | - | - | Mari may be ← Turkic |
| "cheap" | F. halpa | *šulðɤ | - | - | - | - | - | F. ← Gmc *salwa ? |
| "metal" | F. vaski | *waaž | U. vɯś ~ K. veś | vas | *vüš | *waɣ | *wäsä | S. veašké, Mo. *vəśkä. ← Toch.? |
| "maple" | Es. vaher | *waaštar | - | - | - | - | - | Mo. ukštor. Possibly ← Toch. |
| "to tred" | F. talla- | - | K. taĺ- | - | - | - | - | Loan from F. → K? |
| Messy crap | ||||||||
| "beginning" | F. alka- | - | - | - | *aawəl | *aaləŋ | *olə- | Cf. *ole- "to be" ? |
| "sour" | F. hapan | *šaabə | - | sava-, sooska- | *šɯɯɣ- | *čoɣ- ? | - | Coincidental? |
| "2" | S. *kókté | *kok | *kɯk | keet | *kit | *kiit, käät | *kêtä | *kêt in eastern branches |
| "armpit" | Mk. kaval | *koŋla | *kun | hoon | *kanəl | *konəŋ | *kali ? (En. seeri) | S. kájŋél, F. kainalo, Veps kaimal |
| "nits" | Mk. śar̥ka | *šarkeńe | *śerel | - | N. seeri ? | E. sɯr ? | Ka. šurijar ? | S. čívrós, F. saivar |
| "gull" | F. kajava | K. gaďa | - | *kaajik | - | Ne. ho | S. kájéké. Substrate word? | |
| "elm" | Mk. śäĺi | *šol | - | sil | - | - | - | F. salava "willow" ? Might be *ä. |
| "fly" | Mk. karvo | *karme | - | - | - | - | - | F. kärpänen |
| "to split" | F. sali- | - | - | sil | - | - | - | Cf. F. säle "splinter" |
| "to want" | F. havi- | - | - | - | *taŋk- | *ɬaŋkaa- | - | Ve. habi- |
| "to rise" | F. kapua- | - | - | - | - | *kåɣaaɣəl | - | F. "climb"; Kh. "to float" |
| "wet sno" | S. *vónčé | - | - | - | - | *uuťkəl | - | |
| "skis" | SS. laabje | - | - | - | - | E. lump | Ne. lampa | No other words. |
| "to graze" | S. kótó- | - | - | - | - | - | Ne. hadu ~ Ng. kəðu- | |
| "woods" | S. *móiðé | - | - | - | - | - | Se. mačče | Weak. IS "hunt" |
| "vessel" | F. saima- | - | U. śumɯk | - | - | *sooma ? | Se. somma ? | Mo. śuma, śima. Semantics all over the place. |
