Proto-Uralic/A
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The many and varied cognates of Finno-Volgaic *a. (→ Finnic and Mordvinic *a, Samic *ó)
Sorted by the Ob-Ugric / Samoyed results. Bold marks apparent vocalic irregularities (except in Permic, where the rules are partly unclear), red consonantal.
| Lexeme | FV example | Mari | Udmurt | Komi | Hungarian | Mansi | Khanty | Samoyedic | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ms. / Kh. *uu, Ma. / Smy. *å (standard PU *a) | |||||||||
| "fish" | F. kala | kol | - | - | hal | *kuul | *kuul | *kålä | |
| "bit" | F. pala | pultəš | - | - | fal | *puul | *puul | *pålä | Possibly Komi palak "hole" |
| "pot" | F. pata | påt | - | - | fazeek | *puut | *puut | - | |
| "to scoop" | F. amme- | - | - | - | - | *uum- | *uum- | - | |
| "marsh" | F. aro | - | - | - | - | *uuraj | *uurə | - | |
| "to open" | Mk. panže- | påča- | - | - | - | *puunš | *puunč | - | |
| "crow" | F. varis | - | - | - | varjuu | *uurin | *uurŋ- ~ warŋ- | *wər- | |
| "mountain" | S. *váré | - | vɯr | vɤr | - | *wur | *wuur | *wårå | F. vuori pointing to *ax? |
| "to go carefully" | S. *váncé- | wånče- | vɯž- | vuž- | - | *wuunč- | *uunč- | *wånč- | (why is there a Permic cognate only when Samic has *á?) |
| "to step" | F. askel- | åškəl- | ućkɯl- | vośkol- | - | *uusəl | - | *äsəl | Smy. palatalization before a palzd. coda. |
| "to step" | Mk. šašto- | - | - | - | - | *šuuš- | *čooč- | *čåčä- | |
| "sun" | F. kaja- | kåja- | - | - | - | - | - | *kåjå | |
| Ma. o, Ms. *uu, Kh. *aa, Smy. *å (standard PU *a also) | |||||||||
| "to carry" | F. kanta- | kånde- | - | - | - | *kuunt | *kaant | *kån- | |
| "to steal" | F. sala- | šolə- | - | - | - | *tuul- | *ɬaal- | *tål- ? | |
| "flood, lake" | F. sarajas | - | - | - | aar | *tuur | *ɬaar | - | |
| "net" | F. kalin | - | - | kulɤm | haalo | *kuuləp | *kaaləp | - | |
| "to leave" | S. *kóðé- | koðV- | kɯĺ- | koĺ- | haɟ- | *kuuĺ- | *kaaj- | *kåjä- | |
| "to sink" | F. vajo- | - | vɯjɯ- | vɤj- | vejse- | *uuj- | - | - | |
| "hut" | F. talas | - | tɯlɯs | - | - | *tuul | - | - | Ms = "pole". Samic *tálo; unless (with F.) from Baltic *tala- |
| "to dig" | F. kaiva- | koe, kue | kuj- | koj- | hajiit | - | - | *käjwå- | Smy. palzn. |
| "to drive" | F. aja- | - | uj- | voj- | - | *wujt- | - | - | ← IE *aɟe- ? |
| "white" | Mk. akša | oš | - | - | - | - | *aaš | - | |
| "in heat" | S. *čóðé- | - | - | ćual- | salad- | - | - | *såjä | F. suota? Smy palatal dissimilation? |
| "to receive" | F. saa- | šo-, šu- | - | su- | - | - | - | *tåj- | *saxi |
| "word" | F. vala | - | - | - | - | - | - | *wålä | |
| "in-law" | F. nato | nudo | - | - | - | - | - | *nåto | |
| "to rain" | F. sata- | - | - | - | - | - | - | *sårå- | |
| "ground" | F. tanner | - | - | - | - | - | - | *tåntə- | |
| "branch" | S. *sórké | - | - | - | - | - | - | *tårkå | |
| "to stick" | S. *čóŋké- | - | - | - | - | - | - | *såŋkə- | |
| "spirit" | Mk. vajmä | - | - | - | - | - | *wäjŋ- | Smy. palzn; S. vájmó, Er. ojme | |
| "to stand" | Liv. saiso- | šinće- | - | sidź- | - | *tuunś | *ɬaanć | - | Quite irregular: Finnish seiso- (Mordvinic *śta- probably unrl.) |
| Ma. ö/ü, Ms. *ɯɯ, Kh. *aa, Smy. *ɤ (standard PU *ë) | |||||||||
| "tree stump" | F. kanto | - | - | (gid) | - | *kɯɯnt | *kaant | - | Komi = "bend, bottom", may not belong |
| "mushroom" | Mk. pango | poŋɣɤ | - | - | - | *pɯɯŋk | *paaŋk | - | |
| "pole" | F. salko | - | - | dźal | saal | *sɯɯɣlaa | *saaɣəl | - | ← PIE *ɟʱalgʱaa, separately in K./H. ? |
| "wet place" | Mk. nar | nöre- | *ńur | ńirok | *ńɯɯr | - | *ńɤr | ||
| "100" | Mk. śada | šüðə | śu | śo | saaz | *šɯɯt | *saat | - | ← PII *śata; separately in H. ? |
| "gills" | S. *ńókčɤm | nošmo | - | ńokćim | *ńɯɯkśəm | *ńaa(ŋ)kśəm | ?? (Nen. ńińśku, Kam. neeni) | ||
| "hair" | S. *vóptɤ | üp | - | - | - | *ɯɯt | *aapət | *ɤptə | |
| "cartilage" | S. *ńórkés | nörɣə | - | - | ńiir | *ńɯɯrəɣ | *ńaarəɣ | *ńɤr | |
| "vein" | Mk. san | šün | *sɤn | iin | *tɯɯn | *ɬaan | *čɤn | *ëx? Finnish suoni | |
| "arrow" | Mk. nal | nölö | ńil | ńɯl | ńiil | *ńɯɯl | *ńaal | *ńɤəj | *ëx! Finnish nuoli |
| "fish skin" | Mk. śav | šüm | *śɤm | - | *sɯɯm | *saam | Nen. śaaw ?? | *ëx! Finnish suomu | |
| "bird cherry" | S. *ðómɤ | lom | *ĺɤm | - | *ĺɯɯm | *joom | *jɤəm | *ëx! Finnish tuomi, Mordvin ĺom | |
| "land" | F. maa | mu | *mu | - | *mɯɯ | *meɣ | - | *mëxi | |
| "child, cradle" | F. lapsi | - | - | - | - | - | *jɤpsə / *lɤpsə | ||
| Ma. o/ü, Ms. *aa, Kh. *uu / *ɯɯ, Smy. *ɯ (standard PU *ï ?) | |||||||||
| "down" | F. ala- | ül | *ul | al- | *jaal | *ɯɯl | *ɯlə | ||
| "liver" | F. maksa | mokš | *musk | maaj | *maajət | *muuɣəɬ | *mɯtə | ||
| "mother-in-law" | F. anoppi | - | - | - | - | *aanəp | *oonəp | *ɯnå | |
| "to put" | F. ahta- | optə- | - | oktɯ- | - | - | *ɯɯɣət | *ɯtå- | |
| "lord" | Mk. azor | - | uzɯr | ozɯr | - | *aatər | - | - | |
| to be sorted | |||||||||
| "opening" | S. *vóŋɤs | äŋ | ɯm | vom ~ vɤm | aj ~ aaj | - | *ooŋ | *äŋ | Mo. *oŋkśt; these here because of F. *aukko, which possibly < *aŋa- "to open" ? |
| "tame" | S. *vóńɤs | - | - | - | - | *ońɯ | *ɯńə | ||
| "wall" | F. pato | - | - | fal | - | *pal | - | ||
| "beginning" | F. alka- | - | - | - | *aawəl | *aaləŋ | *olə- | Cf. *ole- "to be" ? | |
| "aunt" | Mk. ańa- | ańɯ | ɤń | aanɟ, ańa | *aań- | *anəkə | Se. ońe ~ Nen. ńeje ? | ||
| "to hit" | Mk. šavo- | - | - | - | *šɯɯŋkʷ- | *čooŋk- | *čåŋå- | Samic *cáŋmé-. Note Mansi labialization! | |
| "light" | F. salama | - | - | - | *sɯɯl | *sal- | *sålə | ||
| "sour" | F. hapan | - | - | sava-, sooska- | *šɯɯɣ- | *čoɣ- ? | - | Coincidental? | |
| "to open" | F. ava- | - | - | old-, ood- | *ɯɯŋk- | *ääŋ-? aa~ee | - | ||
| "to leave" | Mk. valgo- | wole | *wɯɯɣəl | ? aa~ee | - | ||||
| "village" | F. palva- | - | - | falu | *pɯɯwəl | *puuɣəl | - | ||
| "bitter" | F. katkera | kɤš | - | - | *kɯɯšɣə ? | *kiičə ? | - | ||
| "smell" | F. katku | - | kočɯs | - | - | - | - | Cf. prev. | |
| "to stretch" | S. *ńóncé- | *ńuž- | - | *ńuunš- | *ńɯɯnč | - | |||
| "meadow" | Es. aas | aź | adź | asoo | - | - | - | ||
| "to hit" | Mk. ćapa- | *ćapkɯ- | čap- | - | - | - | Onomatopoetic? | ||
| "to chop" | Er. čapo- | čup- | čup- | - | - | *čopam | - | S. *cápɤ-. Cf. prev. | |
| "brain" | F. aivo | - | - | aɟ | - | - | - | Mk. uj ? | |
| "to conjure" | Er. al(s)ta- | ulte- | - | - | aald- | - | *aaɬəɬ- | - | |
| "to giv" | F. anta- | *ud- | ad- | - | - | - | |||
| "to shoot" | F. ampa- | ɯb- | - | - | - | - | - | S. ámpo- | |
| "to be born" | Mk. šačo- | čɯžɯ- | ćuž- | - | *šašə | *čačə | *čäčə | ||
| "pale" | - | šapa- | - | - | saapad- | - | - | - | |
| "father-in-law" | F. appi | owo | - | - | ipa | *up | *uup | *əpə | |
| "value" | F. arvo | - | arta- | aar | - | - | - | ← Indo-Iranian | |
| "place" | F. ase- | - | - | - | - | - | Se. esɯ ~ Nen. ŋäso | Mo. *äźem | |
| "sleigh" | F. ahkio | - | - | - | - | *oɣəɬ | Nen. ŋuutuuʔ | ||
| "door bolt" | F. sarana | dźɯrɯ | dźir | čir | - | - | - | Technology anachronism! F. may be from Baltic. | |
| "hard" | S. *čárés | ćurɯt | ćorɯd | - | - | - | *sårə | ||
| "rotten" | S. *cómcé | šać | šudžam | žodź | - | - | - | - | |
| "to divide" | F. jaka- | *juk | - | *jåɣtit ? | *jɯɯɣəɬ | *jɤkə- | Ms. East only | ||
| "foot" | F. jalka | - | - | ɟalog | - | - | - | ||
| "gruel" | Mk. jam | - | - | - | - | - | *jam ? | ||
| "to take off; to be able" | F. jaksa- | *juskɯ- | - | - | - | - | Er. jukśe- | ||
| "to ask" | - | Ma. jåda- | *jual- | - | - | - | - | ||
| "tip" | F. kasa | - | - | - | hëɟ | - | - | S. keačé | |
| "to present" | Mk. kaźe- | kužək | kudźɯm | koźin | hason | - | - | *kåsɯ ? | |
| "to look" | F. katso- | kaźal- | - | - | - | - | - | S. keaččɤ-. F. may be ← Gmc. | |
| "rotten" | - | Ma. *kåškə- | kuź | kuj | - | - | - | - | |
| "resin" | F. kata | - | - | - | - | - | *kåCə | S. kɤččé, koaccé | |
| "to breik" | F. katkea- | *kɤčkeða- | kwačkal- | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "to bite" | S. kácké- | - | gɤčkɯ- | - | - | - | - | ||
| "early" | - | Ma. åžno | vaź | vodź | - | - | - | - | Can also be *o? |
| "to look" | - | Ma. ånče- | *addź- | - | - | - | - | ||
| "across" | - | Ma. kåč | - | kɤččɤb | - | - | - | - | |
| "to accuse" | NS guoccot | - | kušɯ | - | - | - | - | - | No other words! |
| "to thro" | Mo. kaja- | kujal- | koj- | hajiit- | - | - | - | ||
| "gull" | F. kajava | - | gaďa | - | *kåjik | - | - | S. kájéké | |
| "to touch" | F. kajoa- | - | - | - | N. xooj- | *kaaj- | - | S. kájó- | |
| "2" | S. *kókté | kɯk | kɯk | keet | *kit | *kiit, käät | *kêtä | *kekta in eastern branches | |
| "death" | F. kalma | - | - | - | - | - | *kålm- | ||
| "membrane" | F. kalvo | kiĺ | kiĺ | haaĺog | *kaĺəp | *kaĺi | |||
Appendix: Vowel correspondences for Ob-Ugric
Letters in parentheses are the relevant StarLing dialect codes.
Mansi
| Proto-Mansi | North () | East () | South () | West () |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| *aa | åå | |||
| *ɯɯ | aa | ɤɤ | ||
| *uu | uu | uu |
Khanty
| Proto-Khanty | North () | East () | South (DN) |
|---|---|---|---|
| *aa | ɔɔ | aa | aa |
| *åå | ɔɔ | ||
| *oo | uu | o | oo |
| *ɯɯ | ɯɯ | ||
| *uu | uu | uu |
