Proto-Uralic/new
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Two newly proposed vowels for PU.
- *ê produces Finnic *e/*ü, Samic *ɤ, Mordvinic *e; Mansi *i, Khanty *e, Samoyedic *ê > *i elsewhere, Nganasan /ɨ/
- *ô produces Finnic *o/*i, Samic *o, Mordvinic *o;
Again, bold marks vocalic irregularities (except in Permic), red consonantal.
| Lexeme | Finnic | Samic | Mordv. | Mari | Udmurt | Komi | Hung. | Mansi | Khanty | Samoyedic | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| *ê_i (std. *e_i ?) | |||||||||||
| "to fear" | *pel-kä- | *pɤlɤ- | peĺe- | - | pul- | pol- | feel- | *pil- | *pel- | *pêj- | |
| "blood" | *veri | *vɤrɤ | veŕ | wər | vir | vir | veer | *wiɣər | *wer | - | |
| "water" | *veti | - | veď | wət | vu | va | viiz | *wit | - | *wêt | ← IE? |
| "to go" | *mene- | *mɤnɤ- | - | mije- | mɯnɯ- | mun- | mën- | *min- | *men- | *mên- | |
| "to do" | *teke- | *tɤkɤ- | teje~tije- | - | - | - | tëv- | *tij- | *tej- | - | ← IE |
| "skin" | *keti | *kɤtɤ | keď | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | CF *kêri; *käðʲi → P. *kiĺ, Ms. *kääĺən |
| "to hit" | *löö- | - | - | lüe- | - | lɯj- | löv- | *li- | - | *jöw- | WTF. Laryngeal complications? *lêxi? |
| "lip" | - | *pɤŋsɤm | - | - | - | - | - | *piťem | *peɬem | *peptän | -ms- ? |
| "to take" | *vee- | *vikë- | vije- | - | vajɯ- | vaj- | vi- | *wi- | *we- | - | FV *wixxi- ?? |
| "2" | *kakti | *kókté | kavto, kafta | kok | kɯk | kɯk | keet | *kit | *kiit, käät | *kêtä | FV *kakta |
| "to dodge" | - | *kɤrvé- | - | - | - | - | kerül- | *kir- | *käärəɣ- | - | |
| "to cook" | - | *pɤsé- | - | - | pɯž- | pɤž- | (föö-) | *piit- | *pääɬ- | - | OU *pEɬ |
| "skin" | *keri | *kɤrɤ | keŕ | kər | kur | kor | keerëg | *kiir | *käär | *kêti | OU *kEr |
| "middle" | *keski | *kɤskɤ | - | - | kus | kos | - | - | - | - | |
| "to be in time" | *ehti- | *ɤstɤ- | - | əšte- | - | eštɯ- | - | - | - | - | |
| "leaf" | *lehti | *lɤstɤ | - | ləštaš | - | - | - | - | - | - | ← IE |
| "feather" | *hewhen | *sɤwsɤm | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | NB difthong! newer loan? |
| "to tear" | *repe- | *rɤpɤ- | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "next" | *enti | *ɤvtɤ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | *-ŋt- |
| *e_i in *ê-system (all long or difthongal?) | |||||||||||
| "to sell" | *müü- | *mékɤ- | mije- | - | med | med | - | *miɣ- | *me- | *mi- | *mexi |
| "to cook" | - | - | pije- | - | - | pu- | (föö-) | *paaj- | - | *pi- | *pexi; cf. *pêsi ! |
| "matter" | - | *séjɤ | sij | šü | śis | siś | eev | *säj | *ɬöj | *tiəj | *sexji |
| "mushroom" | *seeni | *čáná | - | šen | śeńki | - | - | *šiinəɣ | *säänəɣ | - | *śexni |
| "to drink" | *seemV- | - | śime- | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | (check if a loan) |
| "girl" | *nej-ti | *néjtɤ | ni | - | nɯl | nɯl | - | *nii | *niiŋ | *nê | neiti pro *neisi in Finnish, WTF? |
| "soul, breath, steam" | *lewlü | *léwlɤ | - | - | lul | lol | leelek | *liil | *liil | - | |
| "to find" | *lewtä- | - | - | - | - | - | leel | - | - | - | Weak. |
| "brother" | *velji | *véljɤ | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | Short! ← IE? |
| *äx_i = F, S *ee, Smy. *eə, elsewhere per *ä | |||||||||||
| "tongue" | *keeli | *kélɤ | *käĺ | kɤl | kɯl | kɯl | - | N. kelä ? | *kööl | *keəj | |
| "broth" | *leemi | *lémɤ | *ĺäm | lem | lɯm | ĺem | lee | *lääm | - | - | |
| "mind" | *meeli | *mélɤ | *mäĺ | - | mɯl | mɯl | - | - | - | - | |
| "side" | *veeri | *vérɤ | *väŕä | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "to swallo" | *neele- | *ńélɤ- | ńiĺe- | nela- | ńɯl- | ńɯlɯ- | ńel- | *ńääl- | *ńeel- | *nɤl- | CF. *ńälmä "tongue"! S. -á- ~ H. ee ~ Ms. -ii- ~ Kh. -ää- |
| "rope" | *kewti | *kévðɤ | - | - | kal | kɤl | - | *kääləɣ | *kööləɣ | *kürə | *-xwð- ?? |
| "fine, thin" | *heeno | - | - | - | - | dženɯt | - | - | - | - | Weak; ambiguous. |
| "" | |||||||||||
| *ê_a | |||||||||||
| "corn" | *jüvä | - | juv | - | ju | jɯki | - | - | - | - | ← IE *jewa (Avestan yava etc.) Also explained as "sporadic labialization" in F. |
| "glue" | *tümä | *ðɤmé | - | - | ĺem | ĺem | - | - | - | *jêmä | |
| "thick" | - | *kɤsé | - | kəžgə | kɯz | kɯz | - | - | *köɬ | - | |
| "heart" | *sütän | *čɤðém | śedeɲ | šüüm | śulem | śɤlɤm | siiv | *šim | *sem | *sejə | |
| *ü_a (for comparision) | |||||||||||
| "to push" | *lükkä- | - | - | - | - | - | lök- | *lük- | *lök- | - | |
| "elbow" | *küünärä | *kɤrńélé | keńeŕ | kəńer | gɯr | gɯrdža | köńök | *küŋgəl | *köń-ŋääj | - | |
| "with" | *möö | *mɤŋé- | mej | möŋgə | - | mɯ- | mög- | - | - | - | |
| "wart" | *süklä | *čivlé | śiĺge | šəɣəĺe | - | - | süĺ | - | - | - | |
| FV *e; Ob-Ugr./Samoyed *ê | |||||||||||
| "nest" | *pesä | *peasé | pizə | pežäš | puz | poz | feesek | *pit | *peɬ | *pêtä | |
| "thumb" | *peukalo | *pealké | päĺkä | - | pɤlɯ | pev | - | - | - | *pêj | |
| *ô_i | |||||||||||
| "3" | *kolme | *kolmɤ | kolmo | kɯm | kwiń | kujim | haarom | *kuurəm | *kooləm | - | |
| "minor river" | *joki | *jokɤ | jov | joɣə | ju | ju | joo | *jɯɯɣɯɯ | - | - | |
| "major river" | *juka | - | - | *jooɣən | *jəka | for comparision | |||||
| "dry" | *koski | koškɤ- | kośke- | koškə- | kwaś | koś | - | - | - | *kåsə- | F. meaning "rapids", → S. *kóškɤ ibid. |
| "bow" | *jouci | *jóksɤ | joŋks | jåŋež | - | - | iij | *jaɣət | *jooɣəɬ | *jïntə | *-ŋs- |
| *ô_a | |||||||||||
| "I" | *minä | *mon | mon | məń | mon | me | een | *äm | *mä | *mən | Two allomorphs may exist of each: *m/tina, *m/tun. |
| "thou" | *tinä | *ton | ton | tiń | ton | te | te | - | - | *tən | |
| "bird" | *lintu | *lonté | - | luðə | - | - | luud | *luuntə | *låånt | - | |
| "sleeve" | *hija | *soajé | |||||||||
| "sleeve" | *hiha | *sɤsé | oža | sokš | suj | soj | ujj | *tɯɯjət | *ɬɯɯt | *tüəj | |
| "phloem" | *nila | *ńɤlɤ | nola | nolo | ńɤl | ńɯla | - | *ńol | *ńal | - | |
| "to wash" | *liko- | - | - | - | - | - | - | *låwt- | *loɣɯɯt- | - | |
| "to curse" | *kiro- | *kɤro- | kor- | - | - | - | - | *kår- | *koorəm | *kərä- | |
| "to scrape" | *vito- | *vɤco- | - | - | vušt- | vušt- | vaasik- | *ašeɣ- | *wooč- | - | |
| "skin" | *iho | *ɤsé | jožo | juž | - | ež | - | - | - | - | |
| "to bind" | *sito- | - | sodo- | šüðüš | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "price" | *hinta | - | čonda | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "to sharpen" | *hijo- | *sɤjé- | šova- | šume- | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| "" | |||||||||||
