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Itëłan is a language, born to be a possible evolution of the today standard Italian language (with some Tuscan influence). It was created by adopting some phonetical rules of change, fixed in the language. Very few phonetical laws can deeply modify a language. And some morphological parts of the language underwent some analogical or redistributing change.

Phonetic changes

Vowels

Final vowels usually disappeared, and it opened the way for an important way of distinction: palatalization

• -o → falls
• -e → falls
• -i → falls, but it palatalized the previous consonant
• -a → -e
• -u → remains -u

• -io → -i, with palatalization of the previous consonant

Inside words, vowels underwent other kinds of changes:

• unstressed -a- became -ë-, if it is in syllables before the stressed one.
• open front vowel -e- became dipthong -ei-
• closed back vowel -o- became open back vowel -o-.
• dipthong -uo- became open back vowel -o-

Consonants

Differently from today Italian language, consonants developped a new way to distinguish among themselves: Palatalization.

The palatalization is a phonemic phenomenon that involves the tongue. The top point of the tongue gets higher than the normal position and the sound seems as the consonant would be followed by a soft "i". In fact consonants undergo palatalization only if in the past they was followed by an /i/.

But some consonants underwent some deeper changes. This was the case of palatalization of /s/, /t/, /d/ and /k/:

• -si- → -şi- or -ş in final
• -ti- → -çi- or -ç in final
• -di- → -ģi- or -ģ in final
• -chi- → -çi- or -ç in final

Also some groups of consonants can undergo palatalization or similar changes:

• -tt- → -st-
• final -tti → -ş
• final -ddi → -ģ

• -st- → -şt-
• -stiV- → -şV-
• -chiV- → -çV-
• -schiV- → -şV-'
• -quV- → -cV-
• -zi- → -si-

• -chio in final position → -çi, and its plural is regularly -chi → -ç.
• -schi in final position → -ş

At last, the most evident phenomenon is that every double consonant became simple.

Examples

Some examples of these changes may be: (singular/plural)

• Gatto/gatti (cat) → gast/gaş
• Tempo/tempi (time) → teimp/teimṕ
• Canale/canali (channel) → cënal/cënał
• Finestra/finestre (window) → fineiştre/fineiştr

Synchronic analysis

Now we will analyse Itëłan language as a singular language, its phonetic and morphological aspects, on a synchronic (means on the same time) point of view (but we will give also the historical origin of words, sounds, and of their changes)

Alphabet

• Capital letters:

A B (Ḃ) C Ç D E Ë F (Ḟ) G Ģ I L Ł M (Ṁ) N Ņ O P (Ṕ) R (Ṙ) S Ş T U V (Ṿ) Z (Ẓ)

• Normal letters:

a b (ḅ) c ç d e ë f (ḟ) g ģ i l ł m (ṃ) n ņ o p (ṕ) r (ṛ) s ş t u v (ṿ) z (ẓ)

Phonology

Letter

a

b

(ḅ)

c

ç

d

e

ë

f

(ḟ)

g

ģ

i

l

ł

m

(ṃ)

n

ņ

o

p

(ṕ)

r

(ṛ)

s

ş

t

u

v

(ṿ)

z

(ẓ)

Sound (IPA)

[a]

[b]

[bʲ]

[k]

[ʧ]

[d]

[e]

[ə]

[f]

[fʲ]

[g]

[ʤ]

[i]

[l]

[ʎ]

[m]

[mʲ]

[n]

[ŋ]

[o]

[p]

[pʲ]

[r]

[rʲ]

[s]

[ʃ]

[t]

[u]

[v]

[vʲ]

[ʣ], [ʦ]

[ʣʲ], [ʦʲ]

Morphology

Morphology doesn't differ too much from the original Italian one, even if some parts, like verbs, underwent deep changes.

Articles

Definited

The definited articles are:

	Masculine	Feminine
Singular	ël	le
Plural	łë	lë

These articles developped a new final or initial ë, because the correct development would have given a simple l, which cannot easily said.

Indefinited

The indefinited articles are:

	Masculine	Feminine
Singular	un	une

Nouns

The nouns, or substantives, developped a new system to build their plural, due to the loss of the final vowels. One of the main feature of this system is palatalization.

Singular ending	Plural formation	Particularities
-no ending	They palatalize the last consonant	-t → -ç -c → -ç -st → -ş -şt → -ş -d → -ģ -l → -ł -n → -ņ
-e	They drop the vowel
-i	They drop the vowel and palatalize the last consonant	Singular: -ci → plural: -ç Singular: -sci → -ş

Verbs

Also verbs suffered the loss of the final vowels. But the greatest loss has been the loss of the Italian passato remoto, the disappearing of subjunctive and the loss of the old future forms, replaced by a new analythic form of future tense. Due to the vowel loss it is usually required the presence of personal pronouns (it switched from the position of a pro-drop language to the one of a non-pro-drop language).

Verbs are divided in 3 conjugation, depending on the infinitival ending:

• 1 conjugation: -ar
• 2 conjugation: -er
• 3 conjugation: -ir

The third conjugation has a subgroup inside, the so-called -isc form (Verbs of this group differ from the others in some forms of present tense and in imperative forms).

There are three verbal moods (indicative, conditional and imperative), six tenses (present, imperfect, perfect, plusquamperfect, future and anterior future) and one infinitive form and two participles (present and past)

Indicative mood

Present

The present tense is one of the most irregular tenses of the entire verbal system. Most of all irregularities are in the first three persons and in the third person in plural. The sign -Ø means that there is no ending.

	1 conjugation	2 conjugation	3 conjugation	3 -isc form	Particularities
1st sing	-Ø	-Ø	-Ø	-ìsc
2nd sing	-Ø	-Ø	-Ø	-ìş	The previous consonant usually undergoes palatalization, except for the -isc group
3rd sing	-e	-Ø	-Ø	-ìş
1st plur	-iàm	-iàm	-iàm	-iàm
2nd plur	-àt	-èt	-ìt	-ìt
3rd plur	-an	-on	-on	-ìscon

The bold endings have no stress, and this fall on the previous vowel. This can lead to a change in the verbal root (mind the change a → ë and open e → ei, which usually was under stress). Some examples:

	cëntar	sentir
1st sing	cànt	sèint
2nd sing	cànç	sèinç
3rd sing	cànte	sèint
1st plur	cëntiàm	sentiàm
2nd plur	cëntàt	sentìt
3rd plur	càntan	sèinton

Imperfect

This past tense indicates a continuos action, a repeated action, or that the action is on run in the moment we are speaking about.

	1 conjugation	2 conjugation	3 conjugation
1st sing	-àv	-èv	-ìv
2nd sing	-àṿ	-èṿ	-ìṿ
3rd sing	-àve	-ève	-ìve
1st plur	-ëvàm	-evàm	-ivàm
2nd plur	-ëvàt	-evàt	-ivàt
3rd plur	-àvan	-èvan	-ìvan

Perfect

This tense indicates an unidentified action in the past, already completed.

It is built with the conjugated forms in the present of the auxiliary verb ëvèr or èser + the past participle (declined in presence of eser). Examples:

• I sang: I ò cëntat
• We went: Noaltŗ siam ëndaç

Plusquamperfect

This tense indicates an action placed in the past of another past action.

It is built with the conjugated forms in the imperfect of the auxiliary verb ëvèr or èser + the past participle (declined in presence of eser). Examples:

• I had sung: I ëvev cëntat
• We had gone: Noaltŗ eirim ëndaç

Future

The future tense is built with the declined forms of the auxiliary verb ëver + dë (d' in front of a vowel) + the infinitive form of the main verb. Examples:

• I will sing: I ò dë cëntar
• We will go: Noaltŗ ëbiam d'ëndar

Anterior future

The anterior future tense indicates an action which happens before another future action. It is built with the declined forms of the auxiliary verb ëver + dë (d' in front of a vowel) + ëver + the past participle of the main verb. Examples:

• I will have sung: I ò d'ëver cëntat
• We will have gone: Noaltŗ ëbiam d'ëver ëndat

Conditional

Present

The conditional present tense is built by adding the following endings at the infinitive forms of the verbs. For verbs of the first conjugation, the adfix -ar- becomes -er- before adding.

	Endings
1st sing	-èi
2nd sing	-èş
3rd sing	-èib
1st plur	-èm
2nd plur	-èşt
3rd plur	-èiber

Some examples:

• I would sing: I cënterei
• We will spend: Noaltŗ spenderem
• They would listen: Lor sentireiber

Past

The conditional present indicates an action placed in the past of an action expressed by the conditional present, or usually indicate an action placed in the past of a future moment, or an hypothesis.

It is built with the conjugated forms in the present conditional of the auxiliary verb ëvèr or èser + the past participle (declined in presence of eser). Examples:

• I would have sung: I ëvrei cëntat
• We would have gone: Noaltŗ sërem ëndaç