Chinese sound correspondences

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Onsets

  • 1 = Ping tone
  • 2 = Shang tone
  • 3 = Qu tone
  • 4 = Ru tone
  • 1a = Yin Ping tone
  • 1b = Yang Ping tone, etc.
Onset Middle Chinese Mandarin
Beijing 		Yue
Canton 		Minnan
Taiwan 		Hakka Japanese Korean
Karlgren[1] Baxter[2] IPA[3] Go-On Kan-On
幫 p p [p] b [p] b [p] h [h] h [h] ㅂ [p]

ㅍ [pʰ] /_[a,je,jo,il] etc.

滂 p' ph [pʰ] p [pʰ] p [pʰ] h [h] h [h] ㅍ [pʰ]

ㅂ [p] /_ak etc.

並 b' b [b] p [pʰ] /_1

b [p] /_234

p [pʰ] /_12

b [p] /_(2)34

b [b] h [h] ㅂ [p]

ㅍ [pʰ] /_[a,je,jo,il] etc.

明 m m [m] m [m] m [m] m [m] b [b] ㅁ [m]
非* p p [f] f [f] f [f] h [h] h [h] ㅂ [p]

ㅍ [pʰ] /_[a,je,jo,il] etc.

敷* p' ph [fʰ] f [f] f [f] h [h] h [h] ㅍ [pʰ]

ㅂ [p] /_ak etc.

奉* b' b [v] f [f] f [f] b [b] h [h] ㅂ [p]

ㅍ [pʰ] /_[a,je,jo,il] etc.

微* m m [ɱ] w [w] m [m] m [m] b [b] ㅁ [m]
端 t t [t] d [t] d [t] t [t] t [t] ㄷ [t]
透 t' th [tʰ] t [tʰ] t [tʰ] t [t] t [t] ㅌ [tʰ]
定 d' d [d] t [tʰ] /_1

d [t] /_234

t [tʰ] /_12

d [t] /_(2)34

d [d] t [t] ㄷ [t]
泥 n n [n] n [n] n [n] n [n] d [d] ㄴ [n]
來 l l [l] l [l] l [l] r [ɺ] r [ɺ] ㄹ [ɾ]
知 t̂ tr [ʈ] zh [tʂ] z [ts] t [t] t [t] ㄷ [t]
徹 t̂' trh [ʈʰ] ch [tʂʰ] c [tsʰ] t [t] t [t] ㅌ [tʰ]
澄 d̂' dr [ɖʰ] ch [tʂʰ] /_1

zh [tʂ] /_234

c [tsʰ] /_12

z [ts] /_(2)34

d [d] t [t] ㄷ [t]
娘 n nr [ɳ] n [n] n [n] n [n] d [d] ㄴ [n]
精 ts ts [ts] z [ts] z [ts] s [s] s [s] ㅈ [tɕ]
清 ts' tsh [tsʰ] c [tsʰ] c [tsʰ] s [s] s [s] ㅊ [tɕʰ]
從 dz' dz [dz] c [tsʰ] /_1

z [ts] /_234

c [tsʰ] /_12

z [ts] /_(2)34

z [z] s [s]
心 s s [s] s [s] s [s] s [s] s [s] ㅅ [s]
邪 z z [z] z [z] s [s] ㅅ [s]
莊 tṣ tsr [tʂ] zh [tʂ] z [ts] s [s] s [s] ㅈ [tɕ]
初 tṣ' tsrh [tʂʰ] ch [tʂʰ] c [tsʰ] s [s] s [s] ㅊ [tɕʰ]
崇 dẓ' dzr [dʐʰ] z [z] s [s]
山 ṣ sr [ʂ] sh [ʂ] s [s] s [s] s [s] ㅅ [s]
俟 ź zr [ʐ] z [z] s [s] ㅅ [s]
章 tś tsy [tɕ] zh [tʂ] z [ts] s [s] s [s] ㅈ [tɕ]
昌 tś' tsyh [tɕʰ] ch [tʂʰ] c [tsʰ] s [s] s [s] ㅊ [tɕʰ]
船 dź' zy [ʑ] z [z] s [s]
書 ś sy [ɕ] sh [ʂ] s [s] s [s] s [s] ㅅ [s]
禪 ź dzy [dʑ] z [z] s [s] ㅅ [s]
日 ńź ny [ȵ] n [n] z [z]
見 k k [k] g [k] g [k] k [k] k [k] ㄱ [k]
溪 k' kh [kʰ] k [k] k [k] ㄱ [k]
群 g' g [g] g [ɡ] k [k] ㄱ [k]
疑 ng ng [ŋ] g [ɡ] g [ɡ] ㅇ
影 ' ' [ʔ] Ø
y [j]
w [w] 		Ø
y [j]
w [w] 		ㅇ
曉 x x [h] k [k] k [k] ㅎ [h]
匣 ɣ h [ɦ] g [ɡ]

w [w]

k [k] ㅎ [h]
云 j hj [ɦj] ㅇ
以 ∅ y [j] ㅇ

* — The onsets 非敷奉微 split from 幫滂並明 sometime between Early and Late Middle Chinese, and this split is reflected in most Chinese varieties as an opposition between labiodentals and bilabials. The conditions for the split appear to be: 1) Third-deng (等) rime; 2) A "back" or "labialized" feature in the syllable (exact definition subject to debate).

Allophony in reflexes

Note for Mandarin Chinese — The following rules also apply:

  • z c s [ts tsʰ s] > j q x [tɕ tɕʰ ɕ] / _[i,j,y,ɥ]
  • g k h [k kʰ x] > j q x [tɕ tɕʰ ɕ] / _[i,j,y,ɥ]

Note for Cantonese:

  • Up until the early 20th century, Cantonese had alveolo-palatal sibilants [tɕ tɕʰ ɕ], but these have since merged into the plain alveolar sibilants /ts tsʰ s/.
  • /ts tsʰ s/ may be pronounced palatalized, especially before the front high vowels.
  • /n/ is currently merging into /l/, as is /ŋ/ into the null initial.

Note for Japanese — The following rules also apply:

  • t d s z n h [t d s z n h] > ch j sh j n h [tɕ ʑ ɕ ʑ ɲ ç] / _[i,j]
  • t d h [t d h] > ts z f [ts z ɸ] / _[u]
  • w [w] > 0 /_[i,u,e,o]
  • /g/ may be pronounced [ŋ] intervocalically.

Note for Korean — The following rules also apply:

  • ㄷ ㅌ [t tʰ] > ㅈ ㅊ [tɕ tɕʰ] / _[i,j]
  • ㄹ [ɾ] > ㄴ [n] / #_
  • ㄴ [n] > ㅇ Ø / _[i,j]

Rimes

  • P = MC labial (幫滂並明)
  • T = MC dental stop (端透定泥)
  • TR = MC retroflex stop (知徹澄娘)
  • S = MC dental sibilant (精清從心邪)
  • SR = MC retroflex sibilant (莊出崇生)
  • SY = MC palatal sibilant (章昌船書禪)
  • K = MC velar/laryngeal (見溪群疑曉匣影云以)

通攝 Tong She

Rime Middle Chinese Mandarin
Beijing 		Yue
Canton 		Minnan
Taiwan 		Hakka Japanese Korean
Karlgren Baxter Go-On Kan-On
東一 ung uwng ong [ʊŋ]

weng [wɤŋ] /ʔ_
eng [ɤŋ] /P_

ung [ʊŋ]

but jung [jʊŋ] (翁)

u [u]

some uu [uː]

ou [oː]
冬一 uong owng ong [ʊŋ]

(does not occur /P_)

ung [ʊŋ] o [o]

some ou [oː]

ou [oː]
東三 i̯ung juwng ong [ʊŋ]

eng [ɤŋ] /P_

ung [ʊŋ] yuu [juː], yu [ju]

u [u], uu [uː]/K_,l_

yuu [juː]

ou [oː]/P_

鍾三 i̯wong jowng ong [ʊŋ]

iong [yʊŋ] /x_,ʔ_
eng [ɤŋ] /P_

ung [ʊŋ]

jung [jʊŋ] /ʔ_

yuu [juː], yu [ju]

u [u], uu [uː]/K_

you [joː]

ou [oː]/P_

東一 uk uwk u [u] uk [ʊk] oku [oku] oku [oku]
冬一 uok owk u [u] uk [ʊk] oku [oku] oku [oku]
東三 i̯uk juwk mostly u [u]

and ü [y] /K_
but:
ou [ou] (軸粥熟肉)
iu [jou] (宿六)
uo [uo] (縮)

uk [ʊk] iku [iku] /K_,TR_,ny_

uku [uku] /S_,SY_,P_
oku [oku] /l_,m_

iku [iku] /K_,TR_,ny_,l_

yuku [juku] /S_,SY_
uku [uku] /P_
oku [oku] /m_

鍾三 i̯wok jowk mostly u [u]

and ü [y] /K_
but:
ü [y] (續綠)

uk [ʊk]

juk [jʊk] /ŋ_

oku [oku] yoku [joku]

江攝 Jiang She

Rime Middle Chinese Mandarin
Beijing 		Yue
Canton 		Minnan
Taiwan 		Hakka Japanese Korean
Karlgren Baxter Go-On Kan-On
江二 ång æwng iang [jɑŋ] / K_

but: ang [ɑŋ] (扛缸港)
uang [wɑŋ] /TR_,SR_
ang [ɑŋ] /P_

ong [ɔːŋ] /K_,P_

oeng [œːŋ] /TR_,SR_

ou [oː] au [oː]
江二 åk æwk literary:

üe [yɛ] / K_ (not ʔ_)
but e [ɤ] (殼)
(u)o [uo] / else
colloquial:
iao [jau] / K_ (角殼)
ao [au] (剝雹)

ok [ɔːk] /K_,P_

ak [ɐk] /ʔ_
oek [œːk] or ok [ɔːk]
or uk [ʊk] /TR_,SR_

oku [oku] /P_

aku [aku]

aku [aku]

止攝 Zhi She

Rime Middle Chinese Mandarin
Beijing 		Yue
Canton 		Minnan
Taiwan 		Hakka Japanese Korean
Karlgren Baxter Go-On Kan-On
支三開 ie̯ j(i)e
脂三開 i (j)ij
之三 i i
微三開 e̯i jɨj
支三合 wie̯ jw(i)e
脂三合 wi (j)wij
微三合 we̯i jwɨj

遇攝 Yu She

蟹攝 Xie She

臻攝 Zhen She

山攝 Shan She

效攝 Xiao She

果攝 Guo She

假攝 Jia She

宕攝 Dang She

梗攝 Geng She

曾攝 Ceng She

流攝 Liu She

深攝 Shen She

咸攝 Xian She

Tones

Resources

Middle Chinese

Modern Chinese

Sino-Xenic

Other correspondence lists

Footnotes

  1. ↑ [[Wikipedia:Bernhard Karlgren|]], also known as 高本漢.
  2. ↑ William Baxter.
  3. ↑ Values suggested by Pan Wuyun (潘悟雲).
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