Chinese sound correspondences

Onsets

• 1 = Ping tone
• 2 = Shang tone
• 3 = Qu tone
• 4 = Ru tone
• 1a = Yin Ping tone
• 1b = Yang Ping tone, etc.

Onset	Middle Chinese			Mandarin Beijing	Yue Canton	Minnan Taiwan	Hakka	Japanese		Korean
	Karlgren	Baxter	IPA					Go-On	Kan-On
幫	p	p	[p]	b [p]	b [p]			h [h]	h [h]	ㅂ [p] ㅍ [pʰ] /_[a,je,jo,il] etc.
滂	p'	ph	[pʰ]	p [pʰ]	p [pʰ]			h [h]	h [h]	ㅍ [pʰ] ㅂ [p] /_ak etc.
並	b'	b	[b]	p [pʰ] /_1 b [p] /_234	p [pʰ] /_12 b [p] /_(2)34			b [b]	h [h]	ㅂ [p] ㅍ [pʰ] /_[a,je,jo,il] etc.
明	m	m	[m]	m [m]	m [m]			m [m]	b [b]	ㅁ [m]
非*	p	p	[f]	f [f]	f [f]			h [h]	h [h]	ㅂ [p] ㅍ [pʰ] /_[a,je,jo,il] etc.
敷*	p'	ph	[fʰ]	f [f]	f [f]			h [h]	h [h]	ㅍ [pʰ] ㅂ [p] /_ak etc.
奉*	b'	b	[v]	f [f]	f [f]			b [b]	h [h]	ㅂ [p] ㅍ [pʰ] /_[a,je,jo,il] etc.
微*	m	m	[ɱ]	w [w]	m [m]			m [m]	b [b]	ㅁ [m]
端	t	t	[t]	d [t]	d [t]			t [t]	t [t]	ㄷ [t] ㅈ [tɕ] /_[i,j] (?)
透	t'	th	[tʰ]	t [tʰ]	t [tʰ]			t [t]	t [t]	ㅌ [tʰ] ㅊ [tɕʰ] /_[i,j] (?)
定	d'	d	[d]	t [tʰ] /_1 d [t] /_234	t [tʰ] /_12 d [t] /_(2)34			d [d]	t [t]	ㄷ [t] ㅈ [tɕ] /_[i,j] (?)
泥	n	n	[n]	n [n]	n [n]			n [n]	d [d]	ㄴ [n] ㅇ /_[i,j]
來	l	l	[l]	l [l]	l [l]			r [ɺ]	r [ɺ]	ㄹ [ɾ] ㄴ [n] /#_ ㅇ /_[i,j]
知	t̂	tr	[ʈ]	zh [tʂ]	z [ts]			t [t]	t [t]	ㄷ [t] ㅈ [tɕ] /_[i,j] (?)
徹	t̂'	trh	[ʈʰ]	ch [tʂʰ]	c [tsʰ]			t [t]	t [t]	ㅌ [tʰ] ㅊ [tɕʰ] /_[i,j] (?)
澄	d̂'	dr	[ɖʰ]	ch [tʂʰ] /_1 zh [tʂ] /_234	c [tsʰ] /_12 z [ts] /_(2)34			d [d]	t [t]	ㄷ [t] ㅈ [tɕ] /_[i,j] (?)
娘	n	nr	[ɳ]	n [n]	n [n]			n [n]	d [d]	ㄴ [n] ㅇ /_[i,j]
精	ts	ts	[ts]	z [ts]	z [ts]			s [s]	s [s]	ㅈ [tɕ]
清	ts'	tsh	[tsʰ]	c [tsʰ]	c [tsʰ]			s [s]	s [s]	ㅊ [tɕʰ]
從	dz'	dz	[dz]	c [tsʰ] /_1 z [ts] /_234	c [tsʰ] /_12 z [ts] /_(2)34			z [z]	s [s]
心	s	s	[s]	s [s]	s [s]			s [s]	s [s]	ㅅ [s]
邪	z	z	[z]					z [z]	s [s]	ㅅ [s]
莊	tṣ	tsr	[tʂ]	zh [tʂ]	z [ts]			s [s]	s [s]	ㅈ [tɕ]
初	tṣ'	tsrh	[tʂʰ]	ch [tʂʰ]	c [tsʰ]			s [s]	s [s]	ㅊ [tɕʰ]
崇	dẓ'	dzr	[dʐʰ]					z [z]	s [s]
山	ṣ	sr	[ʂ]	sh [ʂ]	s [s]			s [s]	s [s]	ㅅ [s]
俟	ź	zr	[ʐ]					z [z]	s [s]	ㅅ [s]
章	tś	tsy	[tɕ]	zh [tʂ]	z [ts]			s [s]	s [s]	ㅈ [tɕ]
昌	tś'	tsyh	[tɕʰ]	ch [tʂʰ]	c [tsʰ]			s [s]	s [s]	ㅊ [tɕʰ]
船	dź'	zy	[ʑ]					z [z]	s [s]
書	ś	sy	[ɕ]	sh [ʂ]	s [s]			s [s]	s [s]	ㅅ [s]
禪	ź	dzy	[dʑ]					z [z]	s [s]	ㅅ [s]
日	ńź	ny	[ȵ]					n [n]	z [z]
見	k	k	[k]	g [k]	g [k]			k [k]	k [k]	ㄱ [k]
溪	k'	kh	[kʰ]					k [k]	k [k]	ㄱ [k]
群	g'	g	[g]					g [ɡ]	k [k]	ㄱ [k]
疑	ng	ng	[ŋ]					g [ɡ]	g [ɡ]	ㅇ
影	'	'	[ʔ]					Ø y [j] w [w]	Ø y [j] w [w]	ㅇ
曉	x	x	[h]					k [k]	k [k]	ㅎ [h]
匣	ɣ	h	[ɦ]					g [ɡ] w [w]	k [k]	ㅎ [h]
云	j	y	[ɦj]							ㅇ
以	∅	y	[j]							ㅇ

* — The onsets 非敷奉微 split from 幫滂並明 sometime between Early and Late Middle Chinese, and this split is reflected in most Chinese varieties as an opposition between labiodentals and bilabials. The conditions for the split appear to be: 1) Third-deng (等) rime; 2) A "back" or "labialized" feature in the syllable (exact definition subject to debate).

Allophony in reflexes

Note for Mandarin Chinese — The following rules also apply:

• z c s [ts tsʰ s] > j q x [tɕ tɕʰ ɕ] / _[i,j,y,ɥ]
• g k h [k kʰ x] > j q x [tɕ tɕʰ ɕ] / _[i,j,y,ɥ]

Note for Cantonese:

• Up until the early 20th century, Cantonese had alveolo-palatal sibilants [tɕ tɕʰ ɕ], but these have since merged into the plain alveolar sibilants /ts tsʰ s/.
• /ts tsʰ s/ may be pronounced palatalized, especially before the front high vowels.
• /n/ is currently merging into /l/, as is /ŋ/ into the null initial.

Note for Japanese — The following rules also apply:

• t d s z n h [t d s z n h] > ch j sh j n h [tɕ ʑ ɕ ʑ ɲ ç] / _[i,j]
• t d h [t d h] > ts z f [ts z ɸ] / _[u]
• w [w] > 0 /_[i,u,e,o]
• /g/ may be pronounced [ŋ] intervocalically.

Rimes

• P = MC labial (幫滂並明)
• T = MC dental stop (端透定泥)
• TR = MC retroflex stop (知徹澄娘)
• S = MC dental sibilant (精清從心邪)
• SR = MC retroflex sibilant (莊出崇生)
• SY = MC palatal sibilant (章昌船書禪)
• K = MC velar/laryngeal (見溪群疑曉匣影云以)

通攝 Tong She

Rime	Middle Chinese		Mandarin Beijing	Yue Canton	Minnan Taiwan	Hakka	Japanese		Korean
	Karlgren	Baxter					Go-On	Kan-On
東（一等）	ung	uwng	ong [ʊŋ] weng [wɤŋ] /ʔ_ eng [ɤŋ] /P_	ung [ʊŋ] but jung [jʊŋ] (翁)			u [u] some uu [uː]	ou [oː]
冬（一等）	uong	owng	ong [ʊŋ] (does not occur /P_)	ung [ʊŋ]			o [o] some ou [oː]	ou [oː]
東（三等）	i̯ung	juwng	ong [ʊŋ] eng [ɤŋ] /P_	ung [ʊŋ]			yuu [juː], yu [ju] u [u], uu [uː]/K_,l_	yuu [juː] ou [oː]/P_
鍾（三等）	i̯wong	jowng	ong [ʊŋ] iong [yʊŋ] /x_,ʔ_ eng [ɤŋ] /P_	ung [ʊŋ] jung [jʊŋ] /ʔ_			yuu [juː], yu [ju] u [u], uu [uː]/K_	you [joː] ou [oː]/P_
東（一等）	uk	uwk	u [u]	uk [ʊk]			oku [oku]	oku [oku]
冬（一等）	uok	owk	u [u]	uk [ʊk]			oku [oku]	oku [oku]
東（三等）	i̯uk	juwk	mostly u [u] and ü [y] /K_ but: ou [ou] (軸粥熟肉) iu [jou] (宿六) uo [uo] (縮)	uk [ʊk]			iku [iku] /K_,TR_,ny_ uku [uku] /S_,SY_,P_ oku [oku] /l_,m_	iku [iku] /K_,TR_,ny_,l_ yuku [juku] /S_,SY_ uku [uku] /P_ oku [oku] /m_
鍾（三等）	i̯wok	jowk	mostly u [u] and ü [y] /K_ but: ü [y] (續綠)	uk [ʊk] juk [jʊk] /ŋ_			oku [oku]	yoku [joku]

江攝 Jiang She

Rime	Middle Chinese		Mandarin Beijing	Yue Canton	Minnan Taiwan	Hakka	Japanese		Korean
	Karlgren	Baxter					Go-On	Kan-On
江（二等）	ång	æwng	iang [jɑŋ] / K_ but: ang [ɑŋ] (扛缸港) uang [wɑŋ] /TR_,SR_ ang [ɑŋ] /P_	ong [ɔːŋ] /K_,P_ oeng [œːŋ] /TR_,SR_			ou [oː]	au [oː]

Resources

Middle Chinese

• Introduction to historical Chinese phonology (PDF)
• Middle Chinese pronunciation dictionary
• Middle Chinese lookup tool
• Comparative Chart of Middle Chinese Initials
• Comparative Chart of Middle Chinese Finals
• Baxter's Middle Chinese spelling
• Middle Chinese rime characters (Ignores Chongniu)

Modern Chinese

• Putonghua lookup
• Guoyu lookup
• Mandarin, Cantonese, Hakka lookup
• Cantonese lookup
• Taiwanese lookup

Sino-Xenic

• Japanese Wiktionary (Kan-on, Go-on lookup)
• Hanja lookup
• Sino-Vietnamese lookup

Other correspondence lists

• Sino-Japanese
• Sino-Korean