Chinese sound correspondences
Onsets
- 1 = Ping tone
- 2 = Shang tone
- 3 = Qu tone
- 4 = Ru tone
- 1a = Yin Ping tone
- 1b = Yang Ping tone, etc.
Rime | Middle Chinese | Mandarin Beijing |
Yue Canton |
Minnan Taiwan |
Hakka | Japanese | Korean | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Karlgren | Baxter | Go-On | Kan-On | ||||||
幫 | p | p | b [p] | b [p] | h [h] | h [h] | ㅂ [p] ㅍ [pʰ] /_a, _ye, _yo, _il etc. | ||
滂 | p' | ph | p [pʰ] | p [pʰ] | h [h] | h [h] | ㅍ [pʰ] ㅂ [p] /_ak etc. | ||
並 | b' | b | p [pʰ] /_1 b [p] /_234 |
p [pʰ] /_12 b [p] /_(2)34 |
b [b] | h [h] | ㅂ [p] ㅍ [pʰ] /_a, _ye, _yo, _il etc. | ||
明 | m | m | m [m] | m [m] | m [m] | b [b] | ㅁ [m] | ||
非* | p | p | f [f] | f [f] | h [h] | h [h] | ㅂ [p] ㅍ [pʰ] /_a, _ye, _yo, _il etc. | ||
敷* | p' | ph | f [f] | f [f] | h [h] | h [h] | ㅍ [pʰ] ㅂ [p] /_ak etc. | ||
奉* | b' | b | f [f] | f [f] | b [b] | h [h] | ㅂ [p] ㅍ [pʰ] /_a, _ye, _yo, _il etc. | ||
微* | m | m | w [w] | m [m] | m [m] | b [b] | ㅁ [m] | ||
端 | t | t | d [t] | d [t] | t [t] ch [tɕ] /_[i,j] |
t [t] ch [tɕ] /_[i,j] |
ㄷ [t] ㅈ [tɕ] /_[i,j] (?) | ||
透 | t' | th | t [tʰ] | t [tʰ] | t [t] ch [tɕ] /_[i,j] |
t [t] ch [tɕ] /_[i,j] |
ㅌ [tʰ] ㅊ [tɕʰ] /_[i,j] (?) | ||
定 | d' | d | t [tʰ] /_1 d [t] /_234 |
t [tʰ] /_12 d [t] /_(2)34 |
d [d] j [dʑ] /_[i,j] |
t [t] ch [tɕ] /_[i,j] |
ㄷ [t] ㅈ [tɕ] /_[i,j] (?) | ||
泥 | n | n | n [n] | n [n] | n [n] n [ɲ] /_[i,j] |
d [d] j [dʑ] /_[i,j] |
ㄴ [n] ㅇ /_[i,j] | ||
來 | l | l | l [l] | l [l] | r [ɺ] | r [ɺ] | ㄹ [ɾ] ㄴ [n] /#_ | ||
知 | t̂ | tr | zh [tʂ] | z [ts] | t [t] ch [tɕ] /_[i,j] |
t [t] ch [tɕ] /_[i,j] |
ㄷ [t] ㅈ [tɕ] /_[i,j] (?) | ||
徹 | t̂' | trh | ch [tʂʰ] | c [tsʰ] | t [t] ch [tɕ] /_[i,j] |
t [t] ch [tɕ] /_[i,j] |
ㅌ [tʰ] ㅊ [tɕʰ] /_[i,j] (?) | ||
澄 | d̂' | dr | ch [tʂʰ] /_1 zh [tʂ] /_234 |
c [tsʰ] /_12 z [ts] /_(2)34 |
d [d] j [dʑ] /_[i,j] |
t [t] ch [tɕ] /_[i,j] |
ㄷ [t] ㅈ [tɕ] /_[i,j] (?) | ||
娘 | n | nr | n [n] | n [n] | n [n] n [ɲ] /_[i,j] |
d [d] j [dʑ] /_[i,j] |
ㄴ [n] ㅇ /_[i,j] | ||
精 | ts | ts | ㅈ [tɕ] | ||||||
清 | ts' | tsh | ㅊ [tɕʰ] | ||||||
從 | dz' | dz | |||||||
心 | s | s | ㅅ [s] | ||||||
邪 | z | z | ㅅ [s] | ||||||
莊 | tṣ | tsr | ㅈ [tɕ] | ||||||
初 | tṣ' | tsrh | ㅊ [tɕʰ] | ||||||
崇 | dẓ' | dzr | |||||||
山 | ṣ | sr | ㅅ [s] | ||||||
俟 | ź | zr | ㅅ [s] | ||||||
章 | tś | tsy | ㅈ [tɕ] | ||||||
昌 | tś' | tsyh | ㅊ [tɕʰ] | ||||||
船 | dź' | zy | |||||||
書 | ś | sy | ㅅ [s] | ||||||
禪 | ź | dzy | ㅅ [s] | ||||||
日 | ńź | ny | |||||||
見 | k | k | ㄱ [k] | ||||||
溪 | k' | kh | ㄱ [k] | ||||||
群 | g' | g | ㄱ [k] | ||||||
疑 | ng | ng | ㅇ | ||||||
影 | ' | ' | ㅇ | ||||||
曉 | x | x | ㅎ [h] | ||||||
匣 | ɣ | h | ㅎ [h] | ||||||
云 | j | y | ㅇ | ||||||
以 | ∅ | y | ㅇ |
Rimes
- P = MC labial (幫滂並明)
- T = MC dental stop (端透定泥)
- TR = MC retroflex stop (知徹澄娘)
- S = MC dental sibilant (精清從心邪)
- SR = MC retroflex sibilant (莊出崇生)
- SY = MC palatal sibilant (章昌船書禪)
- K = MC velar/laryngeal (見溪群疑曉匣影云以)
通攝 Tong She
Rime | Middle Chinese | Mandarin Beijing |
Yue Canton |
Minnan Taiwan |
Hakka | Japanese | Korean | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Karlgren | Baxter | Go-On | Kan-On | ||||||
東(一等) | ung | uwng | ong [ʊŋ] weng [wɤŋ] /ʔ_ |
ung [ʊŋ] but jung [jʊŋ] (翁) |
u [u] some uu [uː] |
ou [oː] | |||
冬(一等) | uong | owng | ong [ʊŋ] (does not occur /P_) |
ung [ʊŋ] | o [o] some ou [oː] |
ou [oː] | |||
東(三等) | i̯ung | juwng | ong [ʊŋ] eng [ɤŋ] /P_ |
ung [ʊŋ] | yuu [juː], yu [ju] u [u], uu [uː]/K_,l_ |
yuu [juː] ou [oː]/P_ | |||
鍾(三等) | i̯wong | jowng | ong [ʊŋ] iong [yʊŋ] /x_,ʔ_ |
ung [ʊŋ] jung [jʊŋ] /ʔ_ |
yuu [juː], yu [ju] u [u], uu [uː]/K_ |
you [joː] ou [oː]/P_ | |||
東(一等) | uk | uwk | u [u] | uk [ʊk] | oku [oku] | oku [oku] | |||
冬(一等) | uok | owk | u [u] | uk [ʊk] | oku [oku] | oku [oku] | |||
東(三等) | i̯uk | juwk | mostly u [u] and ü [y] /K_ |
uk [ʊk] | iku [iku] /K_,TR_,ny_ uku [uku] /S_,SY_,P_ |
iku [iku] /K_,TR_,ny_,l_ yuku [juku] /S_,SY_ | |||
鍾(三等) | i̯wok | jowk | mostly u [u] and ü [y] /K_ |
uk [ʊk] juk [jʊk] /ŋ_ |
oku [oku] | yoku [joku] |
江攝 Jiang She
止攝 Zhi She
遇攝 Yu She
蟹攝 Xie She
臻攝 Zhen She
山攝 Shan She
效攝 Xiao She
果攝 Guo She
假攝 Jia She
宕攝 Dang She
梗攝 Geng She
曾攝 Ceng She
流攝 Liu She
深攝 Shen She
咸攝 Xian She
Tones
Resources
Middle Chinese
- Introduction to historical Chinese phonology (PDF)
- Middle Chinese lookup tool
- Comparative Chart of Middle Chinese Initials
- Comparative Chart of Middle Chinese Finals
- Baxter's Middle Chinese spelling
- Middle Chinese rime characters (Ignores Chongniu)