Germanic languages

Sound Changes from PIE to Common Germanic

These may not be 100% accurate.

• ḱ, ǵ, ǵʰ → k, g, gʰ

Grimm's law

• bʰ, dʰ, gʰ, gʷʰ → β, ð, ɣ, β/ɣ
• b, d, g, gʷ → p, t, k, kʷ/k
• p, t, k, kʷ → f, θ, x, xʷ

Verner's law

• f, θ, s, x, xʷ → β, ð, z, ɣ, ɣʷ (except initially or following IE stress)

Vowel changes

• aː → oː
• e → i
• eː → æː
• ei → iː
• eːi → eː (?)
• oi → ai
• oːi → oː (?)
• aːi → oː (?)
• eu → iu
• ou → au

Listing of Germanic Languages

• West Germanic
  • German
    • Stages of High German:
      • Old High German
      • Middle High German
      • New High German or Modern (Standard) German
    • Low Saxon aka Low German
      • Old Saxon
  • Stages of Dutch:
    • Old Dutch
    • Middle Dutch
    • Dutch
  • English
    • Stages of English:
      • Anglo-Saxon
      • Middle English
      • Modern English
        • Scots
• North Germanic
  • Old Norse
    • Old West Norse
      • Icelandic
      • Norwegian
    • Old East Norse
      • Swedish
      • Danish
• East Germanic
  • Gothic

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