Sound Changes in Imperial Languages (Empire-in-the-West)
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Archaic Imperial
Initial Phonemic Inventory
Consonants
| POA | Labials | Dentals | Emphatics | Velars | Uvulars | Glottals |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tenuis stops | p /p/ | t /t/ | ṭ /tˤ/ | k /k/ | q /q/ | ? /ʔ/ |
| Lenis stops | b /b/ | d /d/ | ḍ /dˤ/ | g /g/ | ǵ /ɢ/ | |
| Fricatives | f /f/ | s /s/ | ṣ /sˤ/ | x /x/ | ḥ /χ/ | h /h/ |
| Voiced fricatives | v /v/ | z /z/ | ẓ /zˤ/ | ɣ /ɣ/ | ǧ /ʀ/ | |
| Nasals | m /m/ | n /n/ | ||||
| Liquids | l /l/, r /r/ | |||||
| Glides | y /j/ | w /w/ |
Vowels
- Short: /i a u/ i a u
- Long: /iː aː uː/ ī ā ū
- Diphthong: /ai au/ ai au
Developments
Symbols:
- E= ṭ, q, ḍ, ḡ, ṭh, qh
- V=any vowel
- C=any consonant
To Classical
- Monophthongizationa) ai → ɛː b) au → ɔː
- Emphasis spreadinga) i → e b)a → ɑ c) u → o d) iː → eː e)aː → ɑː f) uː → oː/when E in same word
- De-emphasisa) tˤ → t b) dˤ → d c) sˤ → s d) zˤ → z
- Stop assimilation[stop] → [α Place]/_[α Place stop]
- Voiced fricative elision{v z ɣ} → ː/V_C
- /r/ allophonya)r → ɹ/V_ b)r → ɾ/elsewhere c) rr → r
- Intervocalic fricative lentitiona)z → ɹ/V_V[-stress], V_C b)ɣ → j/V_V[-stress], V_C c)v → ʊ/V_V[-stress], V_C
- Coronal assimilation[Coronal] → α/_[α Coronal]
- Trisyllabic elision a)'CVCVCV → 'CVCV:
- Atonic reductiona) u, o → ʊ/[-stress]# b)e, a → ə/[-stress]# c)i → ɨ/[-stress]
