Modern Standard Imperial
Modern Standard Imperial is the de-facto official language of the Empire-in-the-West during the Regency period. It is a descendant of Classical Imperial, with significant influence from the creole languages of the Empire. Its ancestor during the pre-contact era has been identified with the Archaic Imperial of the runic carvings from the Early Empire, but is better known from the reconstructions based on its current descendants. A Proto-Eastern language has been reconstructed, but is not attested. Throughout its history, the Imperial language has been influenced by the Western language, the creole varieties between the later and itself, the Pygmy language, and a little-known neighbour to the east, likely the people from whom they learned steel-smelting. Towards the end of the Early Empire period, richer burghers of Capital City began to borrow constructions and forms from Classical to 'elevate' their dialect, which had considerable influence from Western and the creoles. The court nobility eventually adopted this variety, and with the ascendancy of the court in the Regency period, it spread its influence over the whole Empire, establishing itself as the standard. Much of the old territorial nobility refused to give up their regional varieties, but even in these cases, standardization of grammar and lexicon occurred, leaving the Empire with a single written standard and a single prescriptive norm of pronunciation.
Phonology
Phonemic Inventory
Consonants
| POA | Labials | Dentals | Palatals | Velars | Gutturals |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fortis stops | p /p/ | t /t/ | c /t͡ʃ/ | k /k/ | q /q/ |
| Lenis stops | b /b/ | d /d/ | j /d͡ʒ/ | g /g/ | |
| Fortis fricatives | ph /f/ | th /θ/ | ch /ç/ | kh /x/ | qh /ʜ/ |
| Lenis fricatives | f /f/ | s /s/ | ç /ç/ | x /x/ | gh /ʢ/ |
| Nasals | m /m/ | n /n/ | |||
| Liquids | l /l/ | r /ʀ/ | |||
| Glides | (u) /w/ | (i) /j/ | (u) /w/ |
Vowels
| POA | Front Short | Front Long | Front Rounded | Near-Front Long | Central Short | Central Long | Near-Back Long | Back Short | Back Long |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i /i/ | ī /iː/ | ue /yː/ | u /u/ | ū /uː/ | ||||
| Near-close | īh /ɪː/ | ūh /ʊː/ | |||||||
| Close-Mid | e /e/ | ē /eː/ | oe /øː/ | o /o/ | ō /oː/ | ||||
| Mid | |||||||||
| Open-Mid | ēh /ɛː/ | ōh /ɔː/ | |||||||
| Near-Open | |||||||||
| Open | āh /aː/ | a /ɑ/ | ā /ɑː/ |
Phonetic Realization and Allophonic Variation
Consonants
- Most consonants have different allophones for initial, intervocalic, and coda situations:
| Orthography | Initial | Intervocalic | Coda |
|---|---|---|---|
| p | [p_h] | [b] | [p_}] |
| b | [b_<] | [B] | [p_}] |
| ph | [f] | [f] | [f] |
| t | [t_h] | [d] | [t_}] |
| d | [d_<] | [D] | [t_}] |
| c | [tS_h] | [tS] | [k_}] |
| j | [dZ] | [dZ] | [k_}] |
| k | [k_h] | [g] | [k_}] |
| g | [g_<] | [G] | [k_}] |
| q | [q] | [?] | [?] |
| f | [f] | [v] | [v] |
| s | [s] | [z] | [h] |
| m | [m] | [~B] | [~B] |
| n | [n] | [~D] | [~] |
| l | [l] | [l, 5] | [l, 5, U] |
| r | [R] | [4] | [6] |
- Intervocalic geminates de-geminate but undergo no further lenition.
- Note that <ph> is distinguished from <f> in all but initial position.
- All other consonants are the same in all positions.
- The voiced fricative allophones of the lenis stops may or may not have actual frication
- /m/ and /n/ are realized intervocalically like /b/ and /d/, but with nasalization of the preceding vowel
Vowels
- Short vowels are lax before two consonants, or a consonant and a word-boundary. The lax allophones of /i e A o u/ are [I E a O U].
- Long vowels are only realized as phonetically long in stressed syllables
- Short vowels are reduced word finally, and before a consonant cluster containing a fortis phoneme.
- The reduced vowels differ by region, but the Capital Region has /i e a/->[@] and /u o/->[U]
- These reduced vowels are also subject to elision, which is allowed or prohibited based on the ensuing consonant cluster.
Neutralizations
The three-way distinction between short, long lax, long tense vowels is neutralized before /r/, /l/, and /n/:
| Vowel | _/r/ | _/l/ | _/n/ |
|---|---|---|---|
| i | [I6] | [I@l], [IU] | I~(:) |
| e | [E6], [E:] | [E@l], [EU] | E~(:) |
| a | [A:] | [Q:l], [O:] | a~(:) |
| o | [O:] | [O:l], [O:] | O~(:) |
| u | [U6] | [U@l], [U:] | U~(:) |
| /y: 2:/ | [3:] | [3:l], [8U] | I~(:) |
Diphthongs
There are no phonemic diphthongs in MSI, but the vowels /i u/ are realized as semivowels [j w] when unstressed and adjacent to another short vowel. The resulting phonetic diphthongs are somewhat variable in pronunciation, especially in speakers influenced by regional varieties.
Phonotactics
Suprasegmentals/Prosody
Pitch-Accent/Tone
The phonetic realization of pitch in MSI resembles a tone system, but it is better analyzed as a pitch-accent. Only the stressed syllable of a word bears a phonemic tone; the other syllables of the word can be assigned a tone based on this.
Stress Rule
For the purposes of assigning stress, syllables in MSI can be divided into light, medium, and heavy:
Light: (C)V
Medium: (C)V(C) or (C)V:
Heavy: (C)V:C
The stressed syllable is the heaviest of the last three; if two or more of these syllables are 'tied' in weight, the last of them takes stress. All consonants that form part of an admissible initial cluster are assigned to the following vowel. If a word stressed on the antepenultimate takes a suffix that adds a syllable, the stress is assigned instead to the new antepenultimate; likewise for words stressed on the penultimate with two-syllable suffixes. Compound words keep the stress of their components, though they may be reinterpreted as single words, especially if either of the components falls into disuse. Especially long words often assign a secondary stress to another heavy syllable earlier in the word; the rules for this are rather more complex, as they take into account the elision of reduced vowels and the clusters that develop. The overall tendency is for stressed syllables (primary or secondary) to alternate with unstressed ones.
Pitch assignment
The stressed syllable can be high or low, and both can be either level or falling. These tones correspond to different initial or coda consonants in Archaic Imperial (see Tonogenesis below). The other syllables tend to have pitches that maximize the contrast with the stressed syllable: a low accent is surrounded by high syllables, and a high one by low.
/X.H.X->[L.H.L] /X.L.X->[H.L.H]
Falling accents lower the following syllable, but have no effect on the preceding. High syllables become mid, and low syllables become creaky. /X.H↘.X/->[L.H.C] /X.L↘.X/->[H.L.M]
A final falling tone is realized on the vowel itself: high falling, or low creaky. Other syllables tend to alternate between low and high, with the exception that an unstressed ultimate is always low unless a low accent precedes it. This pattern may be disrupted by elision of reduced vowels, and by applying secondary stress to other long vowels, which then realize their phonemic tone. These complications have led some to analyze tone as phonemic on all vowels in MSI. Some regional varieties apply the alternating pitch after vowel elision, which leads to more regular patterns, but often very different ones than MSI.
