Modern Standard Imperial

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Phonology

Phonemic Inventory

Consonants

POA Labials Dentals Palatals Velars Gutturals
Fortis stops p /p/ t /t/ c /tS/ k /k/ q /q/
Lenis stops b /b/ d /d/ j /dZ/ g /g/
Fortis fricatives ph /f/ th /T/ ch /C/ kh /x/ qh /H\/
Lenis fricatives f /f/ s /s/ ç /C/ x /x/ gh /<\/
Nasals m /m/ n /n/
Liquids l /l/ r /R/
Glides (u) /w/ (i) /j/ (u) /w/

Vowels

POA Front Short Front Long Front Rounded Near-Front Long Central Short Central Long Near-Back Long Back Short Back Long
Close i /i/ ī /i:/ ue /y:/ u /u/ ū /u:/
Near-close īh /I:/ ūh /U:/
Close-Mid ē /e:/ ō /o:/
Mid
Open-Mid e /E/ ēh /E:/ oe /2:/ o /O/ ōh /O:/
Near-Open
Open a /a/ ā /a:/ ā /A:/

Phonetic Realization and Allophonic Variation

Consonants

  • Most consonants have different allophones for initial, intervocalic, and coda situations:
Orthography Initial Intervocalic Coda
p [p_h] [b] [p_}]
b [b_<] [B] [p_}]
ph [f] [f] [f]
t [t_h] [d] [t_}]
d [d_<] [D] [t_}]
c [tS_h] [tS] [k_}]
j [dZ] [dZ] [k_}]
k [k_h] [g] [k_}]
g [g_<] [G] [k_}]
q [q] [?] [?]
f [f] [v] [v]
s [s] [z] [h]
m [m] [~B] [~B]
n [n] [~D] [~]
l [l] [l, 5] [l, 5, U]
r [R] [4] [6]
  • Intervocalic geminates de-geminate but undergo no further lenition.
  • Note that <ph> is distinguished from <f> in all but initial position.
  • All other consonants are the same in all positions.
  • The voiced fricative allophones of the lenis stops may or may not have actual frication
  • /m/ and /n/ are realized intervocalically like /b/ and /d/, but with nasalization of the preceding vowel

Inflectional Morphology

Syntax