Maerik grammar
Mærik grammar outline
Mærik was a language isolate spoken in medieval Sweden. It is preseved in a wordlist with Latin glosses and some short fairy tales preserved in a single manuscript. The spelling relies quite heavily on that of Old Swedish and the sound structure of Mærik also seems to strongly resemble that of Old Swedish, yet Mærik is not genetically related to Old Swedish or other Germanic languages, but seems to be a language isolate. Mærik words and sentences didn't make sense to somebody who only knew Old Swedish, and conversely Old Swedish would not have made sense to someone who only knew Mærik, although it is probable that all speakers of Mærik had also been speakers of North Scandinavian for very many generations. Although the phonetic and phonemic similarities indicate some kind of Sprachbund relationship between Mærik and Old Swedish, there are on the other hand few similarities in grammatic structure. Notably Mærik lacks any marking of definiteness and indefiniteness on nouns.
The name of the language
Mærik or mæriik is actually the genitive of the first person plural exlusive pronoun. Speakers of North Germanic mistook the phrase mærik skaw as parallelling their own dönsk tunga. Probably they didn't grasp that there were two first person plural pronouns in Mærik Skaw.
Phonology
Mærik phonology is very much similar to Old Swedish phonology, due to the Sprachbund relationship between the languages.
Vowels:
| Front unrounded | Front rounded | Back unrounded | Back rounded | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| i | y | u/v | w | |
| e | ø | o | ||
| æ | a |
The status of u and w relative each other is not clarified. Possibly there is a single /u/ which is spelled w when long. Against this speaks the nonce occurrence of a ww spelling in nwwtlo 'ludere'.
Quantity:
Tthe status of geminate vowel spellings is doubtful.
Consonants:
| Labial | Dental | (Palatal) | Velar | (Labiovelar) | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Voiceless stops | p | t | (ki [k?]) | k | (qw [k?/kw]) | |
| Voiced stops | b | d | (gi [g?]) | g | (gw [g?/gw]) | |
| Nasals | m | n | (ni [n?]) | (ng [?]) | (ngw [??/?w]) | |
| Voiceless fricatives | f | (th [?]) | (hi [ç]) | (ch [x]) | (hw [?]) | h |
| Voiced fricatives | v/u/ffu [v] | dh [ð] | i [j] | gh [?] | w | |
| Sibilant | s | (si/ski [s?/?]) | ||||
| Lateral | l | |||||
| Trill | r |
It is not clear whether all these spellings represent distinct phonemes or whether they do so in all positions.
The status of palatal(ized) and labiovelar sounds as phonemes or clusters also remains to be determined. Contemporary Old Swedish was in the process of developing palatal phonemes through palatalization of clusters ending in /j/ and of velars before front vowels. In contemporary Old Swedish /sj/ and /sk/ before /j/ and front vowels were probably in the process of developing into /?/. If the same was true of Mærik cannot be determined. The nonce appearance of sch in schee 'adferre' is hardly decisive.
The status of /w/ vs /v/ is also to be determined. The many cases of w between vowels as opposed to ffu between vowels (e.g. priffua 'consolare') suggest that /w/ was indeed a separate phoneme and more widespread than the [w] of Old Swedish.
At the same time inherited /kw/ and /gw/ were probably not monophonemic any more in Old Swedish, while [w] had become an allophone of /v/. As /w/ was probably still a phoneme in Mærik it may be that qw and gw in spite of their low frequency should be analyzed similarly.
The letter z spells /ts/.
There is i-umlaut caused by a following theme vowel -i- which may be lost or preserved as -e-, sometimes also spelled -i-.
Sandhi phonemes
The phonemic status of /?/ and /x/ is not fully determined. It seems as if [?] always represents underlying morphophonemic //tð// or //ðt//, and likewise [x] represents //k?// or //?k//. "Sandhi phoneme" is my home-baked term for phonemes that only occur as the product of sandhi between other phonemes in the language. Thus in Mærik /x/ and /?/ only occur for underlying /k?/ and /tð/, or as assimilation of /?/ or /ð/ to a neighboring voiceless obstruent. It is of course possible that /k?/ and /tð/ first assimilated to voiceless affricates [kx] and [t?] before becoming free-standing /x/ and /?/. On the other hand underlying //ðð// and //??// surface as /dd/ and /gg/, while ffu probably spells ungeminated voiced /v/ in complementary distribution with geminated voiceless /ff/ as in Old Swedish.
Morphology
Nouns and Adjectives
Case endings are as follows:
| Modern name | Marker | English translation | Name in the manuscript | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Nominative/Vocative: | -0 (zero) | (1) | nominativus vel vocativus |
| 2 | Accusative: | -dh | (2) | accusativus |
| 3 | Dative: | -s | 'for' | dativus |
| 4 | Genitive: | -k | 'of' | genitivus |
| 5 | Ablative: | -r | 'from'/'out of' | ablativus |
| 6 | Instrumental: | -gh | 'with' | ablativus instrumenti
vel comitativus |
| 7 | Locative: | -m | 'at'/'in' | ablativus loci |
| 8 | Allative: | -i | 'to'/'into' | accusativus adeundi |
1 The nominative marks the subject of the sentence. 2 The accusative marks the direct object.
Between these endings and the stem a theme vowel -e- or -o-, often appears. Variant spellings are -i- and -u/w- respectively. With the allative the front alternant is -ei/-ij/-i and the back alternant -oi/-ui/-wj.
Mærik has ''Suffixaufnahme'' or "case stacking", i.e. a noun carrying a genitive ending may take a further grammatical or local case ending, e.g. dølk 'the farmer's', dølks or dølx 'for the farmer's' (dative of genitive). The usual sandhi phenomena apply, such as ablative dølkær 'from the farmer's', accusative dølkth. Special note should be taken of the frequent instrumental genitives in -ch, which suggest [x] as a sandhi phoneme for /k?/: dølch 'by the farmer's', hathfach [ha?fax] /haðfak?/ 'by the horse's'.
The plural morpheme is -n. It appears written most often as -in and -un respectively, more rarely -en or -on/-wn. To these plural terminations the same case endings are added as follows:
- Nominative: -n
- Accusative: -nd
- Dative: -ns/-nz
- Genitive: -nk
- Ablative: -nnær
- Instrumental: -ng
- Locative: -num
- Allative: -ni
Note that in combining with the plural marker -n- the endings undergo some sandhi changes: the accusative -dh and the instrumental -gh become voiced stops. The dative has an optional epenthetic [t] (/nts/ written *-nz) and the ablative and locative receive svarabhakti vowels.
In Suffixaufnahme where the second ending takes the plural an epenthetic a vowel, e.g. vantkanz skonz 'for the men of the village'.
Adjectives
Adjectives mostly have a stem ending in the morpheme -t. This was probably originally a denominal and deverbal adjective formant which relatively lately spread to other adjectives. Adjectives derived from nouns most often do not show the theme-vowel before -t, while adjectives in -at/- it/-ot/-ut derived from verbs function as past/passive participles. There are also present/active participles in - rt.
Case and number endings are added to the adjectival stem either directly or with the connecting vowel -a-.
Adjectives inflect for case and number in congruence with their nouns, e.g. verghtar trækker "From a big house", hughtand skond "poor men (acc.)".
Are there any deadjectival nouns? The normal occurrence seems to be a qualitative noun with a corresponding derived adjective.
NB! Should constituent order be ergative. Is this an areal feature of Old European?
Adverbs
Most derived adverbs and some primary end in -m (with theme vowel). This formant is observed to coincide with the locative ending - probably not a coincidence!
Pronouns
There are distinct inclusive and exclusive forms in first person plural.
wæll: me - I wællk: my/ mine ton: you sg. (thou) tonk: your(s) (thy/thine) ro: he rook: his ni: she niik: her(s) foott: we incl. foottuk: our(s) incl. mær: we excl. mærik: our(s) excl. han: you pl. hank: your(s) pl. se: they seek: their(s)
ordh: this ann: that (nearby) edd: that (far)
fiørn: who? fann: what? fwnn: how much/many? følk: which? faat: when? fedd: where? fwdh: why?
iørn: who øll: which aat: when wdh: therefore
vex: self (reflexive) hyy: each other dødhzsk: respectively sakt: thing gøm: indefinite siæn: any
Verbs
The present ends in -e/-o/-a derived from earlier long theme vowels *-ê, *-ô *-â.
In not a few verbs the present marker contains a t (*-te/-to/-ta), most notably *olto 'be' and ganta 'not be'. Sometimes an intrusive -p- comes between the -t- present formant and a root ending in -m e.g. rampta 'know a person', with the past tense ramma.
The infinitive or gerund, the imperative and the supine all consist in the bare stem, and can be distinguished only by their function, except that the infinitive/gerund can be inflectedlike a noun and the imperative often but not always is followed by a pronoun in the nominative/vocative.
The past tense formant is -ma/-mo.
Where there is a -t- in the present tense formant this -t- disappears in the past tense: thus from the present olto there is the past olmo, and from the present kræfte 'departs' there is the past kraffma (Note also the lack of i-umlaut in the past tense!). N.B. gamma, the past of ganta (usually spelled gam¯a), and swmmo (also sunmo) 'covered' from swnto. However sometimes the -t- is part of the root, e.g. lita 'hear', p.t. lijtma.
The subjunctive formant is -sa/-so.
These two are fused as -sma/-smo in past subjunctive.
Note kræftza 'would depart' with the present marker -t- against kræfsma 'would have departed' without it.
Person inflection on verbs
Singular
• 1. -w (-ew/-w/-aw) • • 2. -ck • • 3. -0 (zero) • Plural
• 1. excl. -ff • • 1. incl. -rr • • 2. -n • • 3. -ss •
Participles
There are active participles in -rt and passive participles in -t from both the present and past stems:
• Present active: lekart "speaking" • • Present passive: lekat "being spoken" • • Past active: lekmart "been spoken" • • Past passive: lekmat "spoken" • There are some compound tenses and moods using participles. The most important is the passive formed with olta 'be' and the present passive participle:
Oltaw lekat 'I am spoken'.
There is also a perfect and a pluperfect using olta and the past active participle:
Oltaw lekmart 'I have spoken',
Olmaw lekmart 'I had spoken'.
Lastly there is a future using boko 'become' and the present active participle:
Bokow lekart 'I will/shall/am going to speak'.
These compound tenses are not used nearly as often as the corresponding forms in English and other modern Germanic languages. Thus the simple present is usually found for future reference and the simple past forperfect and pluperfect reference.
Negation
Negation is made with the verb ganta 'there is not' + stem form of the verb + instrumental of agent:
ganta lek mærikth skawdh niigh 'she doesn't speak our language' (lit. 'there is not speak our language by her').
| gan | -ta | -0 | lek | -0 | mæri | -k | -th | skaw | -dh | nii | -gh |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| not.be | -PRES | -3.sg. | speak | -SUP | we.exclusive | -GEN | -ACC | tongue | -ACC | she | -INSTR |
Since the object stands in accusative this is not a true ergative, but may be indicative of transition between types.
Syntax
The main constituent order is VSO.
Verbs of perception and experiencing take the experiencer in the dative.
