Lâmian
| Lâmian(lâm.:Leithet) | |
|---|---|
| Pronounced: | léy-thet |
| Timeline and Universe: | Alternate Earth, ~500 BC- ~200 AD |
| Species: | Human |
| Spoken: | South Germany |
| Total speakers: | at least 500.000 |
| Writing system: | an modified Etruscian |
| Genealogy: | Lâmian Language Family
|
| Typology | |
| Morphological type: | agglutinative |
| Morphosyntactic alignment: | Nominative-Accusative |
| Basic word order: | SOV |
| Credits | |
| Creator: | Ell Crasses |
| Created: | June 2007 |
Lâmian is the oldest documented language of the Lâmian Language Family and was spoken by the ancient tribes of the Lâmians, before the Roman Empire made them to leave northwards.
Phonology
Consonants
| Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
| Stops, voiceless | p | t | c | |||||
| Stops, voiced | b | d | g | |||||
| Fricatives, voiceless | f | th | s | sh | ch | h | ||
| Fricatives, voiced | v | dh | z | |||||
| Nasals | m | n | ŋ | |||||
| Lateral | l | |||||||
| Flap | r | |||||||
| Semivowels | w | i/j/ |
Double consonants are spoken a bit longer.
Vowels
| front | central | back | |
| high | i î | u û | |
| mid | e ê | o ô | |
| low | a/ɑ/ â/ɑ:/ |
The diphtongs are the follow: ei, ai, au
Phontactics
The following syllable structures are allowed:
CV, CVV, CVC, CVVC, CCV, CCVV, CCVC, CCVVC, CVCC, CCVCC.
A syllable must not begin and end with two plosives:
tept, pte, tkatp
But two fricatives can do this:
fthei air
Accent
The Lâmian accent is usually on the first syllable. But if there is a long vowel or a diphtong in a syllable, this syllable is stressed:
e'ôrane swords
son'naiwesh at the snake
If there are more long vowels or diphtongs in a word, the syllable with the first is stressed:
'leithîm of a language
Sandhi
| a | â | e | ê | i | î | o | ô | u | û | |
| a | â | â | e | ê | ai | ê | au | ô | au | û |
| â | â | â | â | ê | â | ê | â | ô | â | ô |
| e | ê | â | ê | ê | ei | î | o | ô | ô | û |
| ê | ê | ê | ê | ê | ê | î | ê | â | ê | ô |
| i | ai | â | ei | ê | î | î | e | ô | î | û |
| î | î | ê | î | î | î | î | î | ê | î | ê |
| o | au | â | o | ê | e | î | ô | ô | ô | û |
| ô | ô | â | ô | ê | ô | ê | ô | ô | ô | û |
| u | au | â | ô | ê | î | î | ô | ô | û | û |
| û | û | ô | û | ô | û | ê | û | û | û | û |
Examples:
ri you + -uk and -> rîk and you
kerî shield + -et our + îm GEN + -ane PL -> kerîtîmane of our shields
If a diphtong collides with a vowel, the vowel disappears:
lothei hut + -ûta AKK/ALL -> lotheita (to) a hut
If a diphtong collides with another diphtong, a w seperates the two diphtongs:
methau moon + -ai the -> methauwai the moon
Morphology
Nouns
Lâmian nouns are inflected by case and number.This is shown by pre- and suffixes, what are added in the following order:
Case prefix - root - definite article/possesive suffix/demonstrative suffix - case suffix - plural suffix - other suffixes
Case
Lâmian nouns are declined by 9 cases:
| pre-/suffix | case |
| 0/-î1 | nominative |
| -îm | genitive |
| -er | dative |
| -ûta | accusative, allative |
| -esh | locative |
| -rim | ablative |
| -îru | partitive |
| ha-...-û | the focus or the theme of a sentence (name?, jap. -wa) |
1: A few nouns have this nominative suffix(which disappears, if other suffixes are added), but they are exeptions.
Examples:
lâmî (with nominative suffix)
| lâmî a human |
| lâmîm of a human |
| lâmer to a human |
| lâmûta (to) a human |
| lâmesh at a human |
| lâmrin from a human |
| lâmîru of a human |
| halâmû about a human |
Plural
The plural is marked with the suffix -ane:
hauri -> hauraine bulls
lôr -> lôrane signs
Definite Article
The definite article is -ai:
ftheiwai the air
sigûrai the clan/tribe
Demonstrative Suffixes
There are two suffixes in this category:
-êla this here and
-urim that over there
Possesive Suffixes
| Sg. | Pl. | |
| 1. | -gam | -et |
| 2. | -ram | -met |
| 4. | -em | -ît |
Examples:
| lewirai apetîmane |
| ownership-def.art. father-our-GEN-PL |
| Our fathers' ownership |
| airêlesh |
| world-this-LOC |
| in this world |
Verbs
In Lâmian, there is only one conjugated verb (dôni to do),what conjugates the other verbs by person, number and aspect.
But unlike English, there are more infinitives, which indicate the mood, voice and negation.
Regular Verbs
Verbs are only conjugated in special infinitives (which also are gerunds and participles) showing the mood, voice and negation.
| -âni | Indicative active |
| -ûn | Indicative active negative |
| -âdi | Indicative passive |
| -ûd | Indicative passice negative |
| -meli | Optative active |
| -shor | Optative active negative |
| -edh | Optativ passive |
| -âm | Optative passive negative |
| -tei | Intensive active |
| -gar | Intensive active negative |
| -efô | Intensive passive |
| -podh | Intensive passive negative |
Roots can either end in a consonant...
tanta- speak
tantâni to speak
tantshor wouldn't speak
...or in a vowel:
pâ- come
pâni to come
pôn (<*pâ-ûn) not to come
dôni to do
| 1.sg | 2.sg | 3.sg | 1.pl | 2.pl | 3.pl | |
| Imperfective | dôg | dôr | dât | dôt | dôm | dôn |
| Perfective | dosg | dôsir | dôseit | dost | dôsim | dôsin |
Examples:
| meat-AKK eat-Ind.act do-1.sg |
| I eat/am eating meat. |
| Lâmêlâne leithetûta tantshor dôn. |
| human-this-PL language-our-AKK speak-Opt.act.neg. do-3.pl |
| This men wouldn't speak our language. |
Modal Verbs
There also modal verbs like in English, but they are used in a different way:
modal verb - main verb in the partitive - dôni
lamahôni (root lamahû-) to be able
| lamahûni sagânîru dôg. |
| be_able-ind.act. sing-ind.act.-PART do-1sg |
| I am able to sing. |
