Liwadi: Phonology
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Table of Phonemes
| MOA | nasals | stops | sibilants | fricatives | approximants | tap | affricate | vowels | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IPA | /m/ | /n/ | /ŋ/ | /p/ | /b/ | /t/ | /d/ | /k/ | /g/ | /ʔ/ | /s/ | /z/ | /ʃ/ | /ɸ/ | /β/ | /θ/ | /ð/ | /χ/ | /ɣ/ | /h/ | /ɬ/ | /w/ | /j/ | /l/ | /ɾ/ | /ʦ/ | /i/ | /ɪ/ | /e/ | /ä/ | /o/ | /u/ | |||||||
| Latin | M m | N n | Ŋ ŋ | P p | B b | T t | D d | K k | G g | ʻ | S s | Z z | Š š | ṗ | ḃ | ṫ | ḋ | ḳ | ġ | H h | ḷ | W w | Y y | L l | R r | Ś ś | I i | ı | E e | A a | O o | U u | |||||||
| Arabic | م | ن | گ | ٮ 1 |
ﺏ | ط 2 |
ظ | ک 3 |
ݢ | ع 4 |
ص 5 |
ض | ڝ | ٺ | ٻ | د | ذ | ٯ | ڧ | ح 6 |
ݪ | و 7 |
ي | ل 8 |
ر | ج | ی | ه | ا | ۉ | ۆ | ||||||||
| Name | Mi مى |
Ne نه |
Ŋo گۉ |
Pi ٮى |
Bi بى |
Te طه |
De ظه |
Ko کۉ |
Go ݢۉ |
ʻu عۆ |
Sa صا |
Za ضا |
Ša ڝا |
Ṗi ٺى |
Ḃi ٻى |
Ṫe ده |
Ḋe ذه |
Ḳo ٯۉ |
Ġo ڧۉ |
Hu حۆ |
Ḷe ݪه |
Wi وى |
Yo ىۉ |
Le له |
Ra را |
Śa جا |
i ى |
ı | e ه |
a ا |
o ۉ |
u ۆ | |||||||
Notes
- The consonants in blue are those used as numerals in the octal numeral system, e.g., 17 ٮو.
- <ı> does not occur without a consonant, so a diacritic is used, e.g. صٙ, sı.
Phonology
Consonant Chart
| Bilabial | Dental | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Palatal | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasals | voiced | m /m/ م | n /n/ ن | ŋ /ŋ/ گ 6 | |||
| Stops | voiceless | p /p/ ٮ 1 | t /t/ ط | k /k/ ک 7 | ʻ /ʔ/ ع | ||
| voiced | b /b/ ﺏ | d /d/ ظ | g /g/ ݢ | ||||
| Fricatives | voiceless | f /ɸ/ ٺ | ṭ /θ/ د | s /s/ ص 3 | x /ʃ/ ڝ 5 | ḳ /χ/ ٯ | h /h/ ح 8 |
| voiced | ḃ /β/ ٻ | ḍ /ð/ ذ | z /z/ ض | ġ /ɣ/ ڧ | |||
| Sonorants | voiced | w /w/ و | l /l/ ل | y /j/ ي | |||
| voiceless | ḷ /ɬ/ ݪ2 | ||||||
| Tap | voiced | r /ɾ/ ر | |||||
| Affricate | voiceless | ś /ʦ/ ج 4 |
Notes
- 1 Dotless Beh <ٮ> is assigned the value /p/.
- 2 <ݪ> /ɬ/ is taken from the Gawri alphabet [1].
- 3 <ص> /s/ and <ض> /z/ are taken from the Belarusian alphabet [2].
- 4 <ج> /ʦ/ is taken from the Xiao'erjing script.
- 5 <ڝ> is assigned the value /ʃ/.
- 6 Adapted from the Sindhi <ڱ> /ŋ/ [3].
- 7 The Urdu Kāf /k/.
- 8 <ح> /h/ is taken from the Indus Kohistani alphabet [4].
Vowel Chart
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i /i/ ی | u /u/ ۆ 3 | |
| Near-close | ı /ɪ/ 1 | ||
| Close-mid | e /e/ ه 2 | o /o/ ۉ 4 | |
| Open | a /ä/ ا |
Notes
- 1 Since this vowel cannot occur alone in a syllable, a diacritic is used, e.g., صٙ, sı .
- 2 From the Bosnian alphabet [5].
- 3 From the Bosnian alphabet.
- 4 From the Bosnian alphabet.
Alphabet - Nımanaŋ نٙماناگ
- The Liwadi alphabet has 31 graphemes (ŋup گۆٮ) which represent 31 phonemes (wiŋeb šerer وىگهب ڝهرهر).
- As the Liwadis had no writing when discovered by the space travelers, a written alphabet was created by the anthropologists who were on the voyage. As they were Egyptian, they used the Arabic alphabet. I have transliterated them into the Latin alphabet for this study.
- The 19 fundamental consonants are m, n, ŋ, p, b, t, d, k, g, ʻ, s, z, š, h, w, y, r, l and ś.
- When the six stop consonants (p, b, t, d, k, g) and <l> precede a consonant, they are lenited to the corresponding fricative. These are indicated by writing the letter with a dot over or under (ṗ, ḅ, ṭ, ḍ, ḳ, ġ, ḷ).
- The vowel inventory consists of the six vowels a, e, i, ı, o and u. By using letters and not diacritics to represent these sounds, the Arabic abjad has been made into an alphabet.
