Fudasi: Syntax
From FrathWiki
Jump to navigationJump to search
Table of Phonemes
| POA | labial | dental | alveolar | velar | glottal | vowels | ||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IPA | /p/ | /b/ | /ɸ/ | /β/ | /n/ | /t/ | /d/ | /l/ | /s/ | /z/ | /ǹ/ | /ʔ/ | /h/ | /i/ | /e/ | /ä/ | /o/ | /ɯ/ | ||||||
| Latin | m | p | b | f | v | n | t | d | l | s | z | ń | k | h | i | e | a | o | u | |||||
| Devanagari | म | प | ब | फ | भ | न | त | द | ल | स | स़ | ङ | क | ह | इ | ए | अ | आ | उ | |||||
Grammar
Word Order
- 001. Fudasi word order is SVO, subject-verb-object.
- 002. The accent is normally on the penultimate syllable. A written acute accent indicates a different accent.
- 003. The indirect object precedes the direct object.
- 004. The possessive noun follows the head noun.
- 005. Determiners precede the nouns they qualify. Adjectives follow the nouns they qualify.
- 006. The adjective precedes the standard of comparison.
- 007. The adjective follows the dependent verb.
- 008. Adverbs follow the verbs they modify.
- 009. Adverbials of time precede those of space.
Verbs - Selsan̨a सेल्सन्य
- 010. Verbs are a class of words that convey an action (bring, read, walk, run, learn), an occurrence (happen, become), or a state of being (be, exist, stand).
- 011. Tense is a grammatical category which expresses the time at which a state or action described by a verb occurs. Tense is indicated by modifying the word's initial phoneme.
- The present tense is the base form of the verb without modification: hufu, see.
- Neǹe hufu a sof̨aǹ, I see the clouds.
- The present tense is the base form of the verb without modification: hufu, see.
- 012. The past tense is formed by labializing the first consonant: susu, hear.
- Neǹe šusu a naf̨uǹ, I heard the birds.
- This gives a /w/ sound to initial vowels, e.g., usuvu, to live: ǔsuvu /ʷɯsɯβɯ/.
- 013. The future tense is formed by palatalizing the first phoneme: sezu, smell.
- Neǹe s̨ezu a leb̨eǹ, I will smell the flowers.
- This gives a /j/ sound to initial consonants, e.g., usu, to go; ųsu /ʲɯsɯ/.
- 014. A verbal noun is formed by suffixing the definite article, -ǹ, to the appropriate tense form. This verbal noun functions as an infinitive or gerund.
- Hufuǹ eku tubuǹ , Seeing is believing.
- 015. Mood is a grammatical category by which the speaker expresses his attitude toward what he is saying.
- 016. The subjunctive mood is formed with the suffix -eme:
- Seve sákeme a neǹe, She may love me.
- 017. The imperative mood is formed with the suffix -ete.
- Sákete a neǹe, Love me.
- 018. The cohortative and jussive moods are formed with the verb sase, let, permit.
- sásete a seve onesu, Let him sing.
- 019. The conditional mood is formed with the suffix -na:
- Neǹe sákuna bene, If I love you....
- Neǹe šákuna bene, If I loved you....
- 021. The passive form of the verb is formed with the particle vini:
- Pepeǹ saku vini, The mother is loved.
- Piseǹ v̌avu vini, The apple was cooked.
- 022. Sentence negation is formed with the suffix -b(o). It precedes all other prefixes:
- Tabiǹ áhabo, The boy does not dance.
- Tabiǹ s̨ákubo, The boy will not love.
- Anafiǹ áhabeme, The girl may not want to dance.
- 023. A question is indicated by the use of the interrogative particle se at the beginning of the sentence:
- Neǹe saku a bene, I love you.
- Se neǹe saku a bene?, Do I love you?
- 024. Dependent verbs, such as infinitives and gerunds, follow the verb or adjective upon which they are dependent:
- Neǹe ǎtavu taǹuǹ a zeke, I was afraid to touch a toad.
- A direct object is placed before the infinitive:
- Neǹe f̨ekudu a seve usuǹ, I ordered him to go.
- 025. Transitive verbs may be formed from adjectives with the verb tovu: puvu, wide.
- Sev̨e puvtovu a havaǹ, They are widening the road.
- 026. The copulative verb to be is eku.
- Seve eku naǹ, He is the chief.
- Seve ěku nunuǹ, He was the father.
- 027. The existential copula is kaku, there is/are.
- Ǹetu kaku hi masoǹ, There is an eagle in the tree.
Nouns - Pafsan̨a पफ्सन्य
- 029. Nouns are a class of words that function as the names of some specific thing or set of things, such as living creatures, objects, places, actions, qualities, states of existence, or ideas.
- 030. There are no noun classes in Fudasi.
- 031. Plurality is formed by palatalizing the last consonant:
- seǹe, river; seǹ̨e, rivers.
- If the plurality is evident, then the singular form is used: bu seǹe, two rivers.
- 032. Possession is indicated by the possessive particle b(a), of.
- sahafaǹ ba piseǹ, the child's apple.
- anaǹ b' etu, the man's foot.
- 033. Abstract nouns are derived from adjectives with the prefix na-:
- fudu, short; nafudu, shortness.
- 034. Abstract nouns are derived from verbs with the prefix na- and the suffix -a:
- tubu, to die, natuba, death.
- sumu, to hope, nasuma, hope.
- 035. In making componds the final vowel of the first element is dropped.
- 036. Nouns naming a person characterized by an adjective are formed by using the word puna, person:
- ǹesu, young; ǹespuna, youth; ǹespun̨a, youths.
- lovu, old; lovpuna, elder; lovpun̨a, elders.
- 037. The agent of a verb is formed using the word puna, person.
- onelu, sing; onelpuna, the singer; onelpun̨a, singers.
- 038. The instrument for performing the action of a verb is formed using the word hazo, tool.
- suvu, cut; suvhazo, the knife; suvhaz̨o, knives.
- 039. Nouns denoting perceptible things are formed from verbs by using the word faba, thing.
- ǹevu, laugh; ǹevfaba, laugh, laughter.
- 040. A noun may be specified as masculine or feminine by using the suffixes ǹan and ǹaf, respectively: navu, bird; ǹannavu, cock; ǹafnavu, hen.
- 041. Collective nouns are formed from nouns or adjectives by using the word sofu, group.
- sofuǹ nav̨u, the flock of birds; sofuǹ teseb̨a, the school of fish; sofuǹ tuf̨e, archipelago.
- 042. Diminutives of nouns are formed with the prefix ta-.
- nutseǹeǹ, the stream; tanutseǹeǹ, the creek; tanutseǹ̨eǹ, the creeks.
- 043. Nouns may be used to modify other nouns.
- kufu nutseǹeǹ, the mountain stream.
Modifiers - Telsan̨a तेल्सन्य
- 044. In Fudasi grammar adjectives, adverbs and determiners are classed together as modifiers.
Adjectives - Siksan̨a सिक्सन्य
- 045. Adjectives are a class of words which qualify a noun or noun phrase, giving more information about the object signified.
- 046. Adjectives are placed before the noun: katu tabiǹ, the good boy.
- 047. The one degree of comparison, known as the comparative (COMP), is formed with adverb kana, more.
- ǹesu, young; kana ǹesu, younger, youngest.
- 048. Negative comparison is formed with the word toso, less: nilu, distant; toso nilu, less/least distant.
- 049. The comparison of equality is formed with the conjunction abe, as.
- seku, red; abe seku, as red,
- Sa lebe eku abe seku abe sinosi, This flower is as red as blood.
- 051. Participles are a form of a verb that are used to modify a noun, noun phrase, verb, or verb phrase, playing a role similar to an adjective or adverb.
- 052. There are two participles in Fudasi.
- a. The present participle is formed is formed with the suffix -lu:
- akazlu tesebaǹ, the swimming fish.
- b. The past participle is formed with the suffix -nu:
- tudofnu lobiǹ, the sunken boat.
- a. The present participle is formed is formed with the suffix -lu:
- 053. Word negation is indicated by the use of the prefix l(o)-.
- nuvu, even; lonuvu, uneven.
- 054. The suffix -bunu combines with a noun to form an adjective denoting similarity, likeness or resemblance to what is named in the noun root, -ish, -like.
- navu, bird; navbunu, like a bird.
- 055. Adjectives with the meaning without are expressed with the prefix -betu, -less.
- nasuma, hope; nasumbetu, hopeless.
- 056. Adjectives end in -u so that they may be used as stative verbs: masu sahafaǹ, the sick child; sahafaǹ m̌asu, the child was sick.
Determiners - Tizsan̨a तिस़्सन्य
- 056. Determiners are a class of words that serve to express the reference of that noun or noun phrase in the context. They may indicate whether the noun is referring to a definite or indefinite element of a class, to a closer or more distant element, to an element belonging to a specified person or thing, to a particular number or quantity, etc. They are placed before the noun.
- 057. The definite article is -ǹ.
- 058. There is no indefinite article.
- 059. The proximal demonstrative, this/these, is sa.
- sa pele, this leaf; sa pel̨e, these leaves.
- 060. The distal demonstrative, that/those, is ta.
- ta patu, that cloud; ta pat̨u, those clouds.
- 061. Numerals precede the noun in the absence of a determiner.
- leki ǹafu vavu, Three women are cooking.
- They follow the noun if the noun is preceded by a determiner.
- sa ǹafu leki vavu, These three women are cooking.
- 062. The elective indefinite determiner is vibi, any.
- 063. The assertive indefinite determiner is nuzi, some.
- 064. The negative determiner is beku, no.
Numerals - Tonsan̨a तोन्सन्य
- 065. Fudasi has an octal numeral system.
| 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| neki | soki | leki | tiki | eki | poki | muki | tuki |
- 066. The numerals 9-15 are formed by suffixing the proper cardinal to tu, eight.
| 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| tuneki | tusoki | tuleki | tutiki | tueki | tupoki | tumuki |
- 067. The numerals 16-64 are formed by prefixing the proper cardinal to tuki, eight.
| 24 | 32 | 40 | 48 | 56 | 64 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| sotuki | letuki | tituki | etuki | potuki | mutuki | tutuki |
- 068. The ordinals are made with the prefix he-.
- hesoki nobeǹ, the second rope
- 069. The adverbial numbers are made with the suffix -ha.
- sókiha, twice; túkiha, eight times.
Adverbs - Dibsan̨a दिब्सन्य
- 070. Adverbs are a class of words that modify a verb, an adjective, another adverb, a determiner, a noun phrase, a clause, or a sentence. They typically express manner, place, time, frequency, degree, level of certainty, etc.
- 071. Adverbs may be derived from adjectives with the suffix -so.
- kasu ǹeseǹ, the brave man; Seve šahu kasuku, He acted bravely.
- 072. The comparative of these adverbs is formed in the same way as are adjectives; kasuku, bravely; kana kasuku, more bravely.
Pronouns - Seǹevsan̨a सेङेभ्सन्य
- 073. Pronouns are a class of words thnu substitute for a noun or noun phrase. There are seven types of pronouns in Fudasi.
- 074. The personal pronouns are neǹe, I; neǹ̨e, we; bene, you (sg.); ben̨e, you (pl.); seve, he, she, it; sev̨e, they.
- Neǹe sáku a seve, I love her.
- Seve sáku a neǹe, She loves me.
- Neǹe ěnivu i seve a lebeǹ, I gave her the flower.
- 075. The interrogative pronouns are hevi, who; bevi, what; and haba, which.
- 076. The reflexive pronouns are translated by using the noun nusa, self.
- Neǹe ǔnefu a nusa, I hurt myself.
- 077. The intensive pronouns are formed with the noun nusa, self.
- Neǹnusa ųsu, I myself will go.
- 078. The demonstrative pronouns are compounds of the demonstrative determiners and the personal pronouns: savi, this; tavi, that.
- This is a flower, Savi eku lebe.
- Those are leaves, Tav̨i eku pel̨e .
- 079. The indefinite pronouns are made from the indefinite determiners.
- vibpuna, anyone, anybody; vibfaba, anything.
- nuzpuna, someone, somebody; nuzfaba, something.
- bekpuna, no one, nobody; bekfaba, nothing.
- 080. There are no possessive pronouns. The possessor is expressed with a prepositional phrase using ba.
- Savi eku lebe ba bene, tavi eku ba neǹe, This is your flower, that is mine.
Prepositions - Mapsan̨a मप्सन्य
- 081. Fudasi uses prepositions, a class of words that express spatial or temporal relations (in, under, towards, before) or mark various semantic roles (of, for).
- hi pefeǹ, at the beach.
- Nasaǹ eku oli nosiǹ, The cup is on the table.
Conjunctions - Nobezsan̨a नोबेस़्सन्य
- 082. A conjunction is a part of speech that connects words, phrases or clauses.
- 083. In Fudasi there are three types of conjunctions.
- 084. A coordinate conjunction joins two or more items of equal syntactic importance.
- Sohe ba neǹe ǹe neǹe sabafu saben̨o ǹe seb̨a, My brother and I like coconuts and bananas.
- 085. Correlative conjunctions work in pairs to join two or more items of equal syntactic importance.
- Neǹe ųsu se i pefeǹ se i kufuǹ, I will go either to the beach or to the mountains.
- 086. Subordinating conjunctions join an independent clause and a dependent clause.
- Babu seve eku masu, ňemivu a nataso, Although she is sick, she ate her breakfast.
Octal Table
| 2 | 3 ३ | 4 ४ | 5 ४ | 6 ६ | 7 ७ | 8 ८ | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| nu नु | bu बु | de दे | ka क | za स़ | so सो | tu तु | pe पे |
| 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | |
| penu | pebu | pede | peka | peza | peso | petu | bupe |
| 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | |
| bupenu | bupebu | bupede | bupeka | bupeza | bupeso | bupetu | depe |
| 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | |
| depenu | depebu | depede | depeka | depeza | depeso | depetu | kape |
| 34 | 35 | 36 | 37 | 38 | 39 | 40 | |
| kapenu | kapebu | kapede | kapeka | kapeza | kapeso | kapetu | zape |
| 42 | 43 | 44 | 45 | 46 | 47 | 48 | |
| zapenu | zapebu | zapede | zapeka | zapeza | zapeso | zapetu | sope |
| 50 | 51 | 52 | 53 | 54 | 55 | 56 | |
| sopenu | sopebu | sopede | sopeka | sopeza | sopeso | sopetu | tupe |
| 58 | 59 | 60 | 61 | 62 | 63 | 64 | |
| tupenu | tupebu | tupede | tupeka | tupeza | tupeso | tupetu | pepe |
