Cernelian/Nominals
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Nominals in Cernelian includes nouns, adjectives, or (demonstrative, personal, interrogative) pronouns. Unlike that of Finnish or Estonian that those have large number of grammatical cases (15 or 14), Cernelian has simplified it to 8 cases. Due to the influence of Slavic languages, Cernelian developed animacy.
Grammatical cases
There are 8 grammatical cases in Cernelian:
| Grammatical cases | Cernelian name | Usual endings (singular) | Usual meanings |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | niemię | -∅ | none |
| Accusative | passywię | -ę, -∅ | (object) |
| Genitive | omieśdzię | -ę | (of, 's) |
| Dative | siędzię | -ę, -ą | to |
| Locative | piedzę | -so, -sie, -cho, -sze | in, on |
| Ablative | łożę | -sto, -ście | from |
| Instrumental | instrumendzię | -łe, -le | from |
| Vocative | siedzię | -so, -sie, -cho, -sze | (calling, -!) |
All of the grammatical case names has the alternative forms in -emię póle, e.g. niemię póle.
Declensions
- 1st declension: Nominals ending in -o, and it is the largest group of nominal declension by number.
- 2nd declension: Nominals ending in -e, also as the soft variant of 1st declension.
- 3rd declension: Nominals ending in soft -∅.
- 4th declension: Nominals ending in hard -∅, including sonorants.
- 5th declension: Nominals ending in -ę or -ą (n-stem).
- Irregular nominals: Numerous nominals that declined irregularly, like long stems, s-stems, and consonantic stems uncovered in 4th declension.
Specific alterations
- In the 3rd and 4th declensions (except sonorant stems), last vowels -ę- and -o- becomes -ą- and -ó- (póch : gen. pochię "thick", chącz : chęczę "breath").
- In some nouns that contain final Proto-Cernelian yers (ь/ъ), the vowel -(i)e- sometimes deleted (čьvь : čьvę → czew : czwie "stone").
- Endings containing initial -i- becomes -y- after consonants c, cz, dz, dż, rz, and sz (icze : dat. pl. iczyję "age").
