Liwadi: Phonology
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Table of Phonemes
| IPA | /j/ | /w/ | /n/ | /m/ | /l/ | /ʔ/ | /t/ | /d/ | /s/ | /z/ | /ɾ/ | /h/ | /p/ | /b/ | /k/ | /g/ | /ŋ/ | /ä/ | /e/ | /ɛ/ | /i/ | /ɪ/ | /o/ | /u/ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Latin | Y y | W w | N n | M m | L l | ʻ | T t | D d | S s | Z z | R r | H h | P p | B b | K k | G g | Ń ń | A a | E e | ė | I i | ı | O o | U u |
| Arabic | ی 1 | و | ن | م | ل | ع | ط | ظ | ص | ض | ر | ح | ٮ | ﺏ | ک | ݢ | گ | 2 |
- 1 The letters of the alphabet are arranged in the Maghrebian hijāʾī order.
- 2 The vowels are represented by diacritics.
Phonology
Consonant Chart
| Bilabial | Dental | Alveolar | Palatal | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasals | voiceless | |||||
| voiced | m /m/ م | n /n/ ن | ń /ŋ/ گ | |||
| Stops | voiceless | p /p/ ٮ | t /t/ ط | k /k/ ک | ʻ /ʔ/ ع | |
| voiced | b /b/ ﺏ | d /d/ ظ | g /g/ ݢ | |||
| Fricatives | voiceless | s /s/ ص | h /h/ ح | |||
| voiced | z /z/ ض | |||||
| Sonorants | voiceless | |||||
| voiced | w /w/ و | l /l/ ل | r /ɾ/ ر | y /j/ ی |
Vowel Chart
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i /i/ | u /u/ | |
| Near-close | ı /ɪ/ | ||
| Close-mid | e /e/ | o /o/ | |
| Open-mid | ė /ɛ/ | ||
| Open | a /ä/ |
Alphabet - ىٙوٙن, Yawan
- The Liwadi alphabet (yawan) has 24 graphemes (oń) which represent 24 sounds (nihoń).
- As the Liwadis had no writing when discovered by the space travelers, a written alphabet was created by the anthropologists who were on the voyage. As they were Egyptian, they used the Arabic alphabet. For this reason alphabetic order is a modified Maghrebian hijāʾī order. I have transliterated them into the Latin alphabet for this study.
- The consonants are y, w, n, m, l, ʻ, t, d, s, z, r, h, p, b, k, g and ń.
- When the stop consonants (t, d, p, b, k, g) precede a consonant, they are lenited to the corresponding fricative. These are indicated by writing the letter with a dot over or under (ṭ, ḍ, ṗ, ḅ, ḳ, ġ).
- The vowel inventory consists of a, e, ė, i, ı, o, and u.
