User:Bukkia/sandbox

From FrathWiki
Jump to navigationJump to search

Slevian is a costructed language, created to be related to the Slavic languages' family.

Differently from most Slavic languages, but similar to Bulgarian and Macedonian languages, it losts all the original cases, and developed a definite and indefinite article (but set before its substantive). Differently from Bulgarian and Macedonian it has a semplified verbal system.

It is written with the Latin Alphabet, but can be adapted to the Cyrillic one.

Phonology

Vowels

Slevian has a reduced vocalic system, with only six vowels:

Front Near-front Central Near-back Back
Close
i
  ɨ
u



ɛ
ɔ


     a
Close-mid
Mid
Open-mid
Near-open
Open

Consonants

Bilabial Labio-
dental
Dental Alveolar Post-
alveolar
Palatal Velar
Plosive
p b
t d
k ɡ
Nasal
   m
   ɱ
   n
   ɲ
   
Vibrant
   
   r
Fricative
f v
s z
ʃ ʒ
   
Affricate
ʦ   
ʧ   
   
 
Approximant
   
   
   
   j
   ɰ
Lateral approximant
   l
   
   

Alphabet

IPA consonant
Latin
   /p/   
    p    
   /b/   
    b    
   /t/   
    t    
   /d/   
    d    
   /k/   
    k    
   /g/   
    g    
   /m/   
    m    
   /n/   
    n    
   /ʦ/   
    c    
   /ʧ/   
    č    
   /ʒ/   
    ž    
   /f/   
    f    
   /v/   
    v    
   /s/   
    s    
   /z/   
    z    
   /ʃ/   
    š    
   /r/   
    r    
   /j/   
    j    
   /ɰ/   
    u    
   /l/   
    l    
IPA vowel
Latin
   /i/   
    i    
   /ɨ/   
    y    
   /u/   
    u    
   /ɛ/   
    e    
   /a/   
    a    
   /ɔ/   
    o    

Morphology

Slevian has a semplified morphology, in contrast with other Slavic languages.

Substantives

Substantives have three genres (masculine, feminine and neuter) and two numbers (singular and 'plural)

Number

Substantives form their plural by modifying their endings oder by adding a new one:

  • If they end with normal consonants, they add -y
  • If they end with -š, -ž, -č, -s, -z, -l, -j (called soft consonants): they add -i
  • If they end with -a, -e, -u: they drop these vowels and add -y
  • If -a, -e, -u, are preceded by a soft consonant, they add -i instead of -y.
  • If they end with -o: they drop it and add -a
  • If they end with -ja, -je: they drop them and add -ji

Case

The case indicates the role the word plays in the sentence, without prepositions. Lišěč has 29 cases, many more of any Indo-european language, but a large number of cases is normal for Uralic languages.

Case Latin Cyrillic Case function
Nominative
-
-
Case of subject
Genitive
-al/el/ol
-ал/ел/ол
Case of possession
Dative
-am/em/om
-ам/ем/ом
Case of indirect object
Accusative
-an/en/on
-ан/ен/он
Case of direct object
Partitive
-a/e/o
-а/е/о
Case of ripartition
It can be translated with the adjectives some any
Essive
-as/es/os
-ас/ес/ос
Case of existence
It can be translated with the word as
Causal
-fal/fel/fol
-фал/фел/фол
Case of causes
It can be translated with prepositions because of for
Originative
-dala/dele/dolo
-дала/деле/доло
Case of origin
It can be translated with prepositions from of
Instrumental
-kam/kem/kom
-кам/кем/ком
Case of instrument
It can be translated with prepositions with by
Comitative
-sam/sem/som
-сам/сем/сом
Case of company
It can be translated with preposition (together) with
Agentive
-õlna/õlne/õlno
-õлна/õлне/õлно
Case of agent
It can be translated with the adjectives some any
Finalitative-
benefactive
-ossa/osse/osso
-осса/оссе/оссо
Case of finality and benefice
It can be translated with preposition for
Abessive
-baś/beś/boś
-баз/без/боз
Case of absence
It can be translated with preposition without
Temporal
-ňal/ňel/ňol
-њал/њел/њол
Case of time
It can be translated with prepositions at during
Terminative
-õňa/õňe/õňo
-õња/õње/õњо
Case of end
It can be translated with preposition until
Inessive
-ka/ke/ko
-ка/ке/ко
See table below
Elative
-kaňa/keňe/koňo
-кања/кење/коњо
See table below
Superessive
-kaţun/keţun/koţun
-каөун/кеөун/коөун
See table below
Delative
-sõda/sõde/sõdo
-сõда/сõде/сõдо
See table below
Sublative
-šanë/šenë/šonë
-шанë/шенë/шонë
See table below
Adessive
-đyna/đyne/đyno
-ћына/ћыне/ћыно
See table below
Ablative
-daţë/deţë/doţë
-даөë/деөë/доөë
See table below
Allative
-adanë/edenë/odonë
-аданë/еденë/одонë
See table below
Interjective
-rağä/reğä/roğä
-рађä/ређä/рођä
See table below
Transitive
-rakä/rekä/rokä
-ракä/рекä/рокä
See table below
Translative
-arykë/erykë/orykë
-арыкë/ерыкë/орыкë
See table below

The last 12 cases in table above are Locative cases. The locative system of Lišĕč language is highly developed, with indication for interior (inside), surface (on, above) and adjacency (near), and with the four locative complements: statement in, movement to, movement from and movement across.

So, for example, the sublative case means a movement towards above, or a movement over a surface.

Case System
interior
surface
adjacency
statement in
inessive
superessive
adessive
movement to
illative
sublative
allative
movement from
elative
delative
ablative
movement across
interjective
transitive
translative

Adjectives

Adjectives act like substantives, they take the same endings of case and number. Adjectives in attributive function are placed always before their substantives. Only past participles (which are adjectives) can be placed after the substantive.

There is no article at all.

Adverbs

Adverbs derived from adjectives are built by adding to adjectives’ base form the adverbial ending: -õkša/õkše/õkšo,-õкша/õкше/õкшо

Locative adverbs

Lišĕč locative adverbs have a particular feature, which makes them different from the other languages‘ adverbs: they decline. They take the same locative endings of substantives, to indicate what kind of movement or statement they express, according to the locative system, explained in the table above. For example:

Sinaan/Синаан has the unspecified meaning of there, but its role can be specified by adding the locative endings:

With the elative ending, Sinaankaňa/Синаанкања, it specifies its meaning in from there inside

With the adessive ending, Sinaanđyna/Синаанћына, it specifies its meaning in there (statement) near.

And so the other locative adverbs decline.