Jaqatil

What & Why Jaŋatil?

Jaŋatil is a common Turkic language.

Sounds

Consonants

	Bilabial	Labiodental	Dental	Postalveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Plosive	p   b		t   d			k   g	ʔ
Fricative	β	f	s   z	ʃ			h
Affricate					t͡ɕ   d͡ʑ
Nasal	m		n			ŋ
Trill			r
Approximant			l		j

• /f/, /h/, /ʔ/ are only used in loanwords.
• /v/ or /w/ are allowed instead of /β/.
• /tʃ/, /ts/ or /ɕ/ are allowed instead of /t͡ɕ/.
• /dʒ/, /dz/, /ʑ/, /ʒ/ or /j/ are allowed instead of /d͡ʑ/.
• /h/ is interchangeable with /χ/.
• In a hard context /q/, /ʁ/ (/ɣ/) are allowed instead of /k/, /g/ respectively.
• In a soft context /k^j/, /g^j/, /l^j/ are allowed instead of /k/, /g/, /l/ respectively.
• In native words the difference between p/t/k and b/d/g isn't very meaningful.

Vowels

	Front		Back
	unrounded	rounded	unrounded	rounded
Close	i	y	ɯ	u
Open	æ	œ	a	o

Characteristics of the vowels

	Strong		Weak
	unrounded	rounded	unrounded	rounded
Hard	a	o	ɯ	u
Soft	æ	œ	i	y

Vowel harmony

In a native Jaŋatil word each vowel must be either soft (front) or hard (back). This is called front/back harmony.

There is no rounded/unrounded harmony in the written language. Therefore in native words the weak rounded vowels /u/, /y/ may only be written in the first syllable. However, one should round /ɯ/, /i/ while speaking when they come immediately after a rounded vowel.

Word stress

Word stress is always put on the last vowel. But if you want to emphasize a word then you may stress another syllable.

Writing Systems

Latin		Cirillic	Arabic	IPA
ASCII	Common
A a		А а	ا	a
A' a'	E e	Я я	اِ	æ
B b		Б б	ب	b
C c		Ч ч	چ	t͡ɕ
D d		Д д	د	d
F f		Ф ф	ف	f
G g		Г г	گ	g
H h		Х х	ه	h
I i	I ı	Ы ы	ى	ɯ
I' i'	İ i	И и	ىِ	i
J j		Џ џ	ج	d͡ʑ
K k		К к	ك	k
L l		Л л	ل	l
M m		М м	م	m
N n		Н н	ن	n
O o		О о	و	o
O' o'	Ö ö	Ё ё	وِ	œ
P p		П п	پ	p
Q q	Ñ ñ	Ң ң	ڭ	ŋ
R r		Р р	ر	r
S s		С с	س	s
T t		Т т	ت	t
U u		У у	ىُ	u
U' u'	Ü ü	Ю ю	ىُِ	y
W w		В в	ۋ	β
X x	Ş ş	Ш ш	ش	ʃ
Y y		Й й	ي	j
Z z		З з	ز	z
`		Ъ ъ	ء	ʔ

Writing Examples

Latin		Cirillic	Arabic	IPA	Translation
ASCII	Common
tax	taş	таш	تاش	taʃ	stone
'sakiz	sekiz	сякиз	سٍاكىز	sækiz	eight
altinci	altıncı	алтынчы	التىنچى	altɯnt͡ɕɯ	sixth
'ucnci	ücnci	ючнчи	ىٍُچنچى	yt͡ɕnt͡ɕy	third
'mu`min	mü`min	мюъмин	مٍىُءمىن	myʔmin	believer
'guzallik	güzellik	гюзяллик	گٍىُزاللىك	gyzællik	beauty
'toqaraksq	töñereksñ	тёңяряксң	تٍوڭاراكسڭ	tœŋæræksŋ	you are round
'taxakkurlar	teşekkürler	тяшяккюрляр	تٍاشاككىُرلار	tæʃækkyrlær	thank you
jakinmzda	jakınmzda	џакынмзда	جاكىنمزدا	d͡ʑakɯnmzda	near us
'soylawci	söylewci	сёйлявчи	سٍويلاۋچى	sœjlæβt͡ɕi	speaker

As you can see in ASCII and Arabic there's no need to explicitly write a soft vowel in words with harmony. We just need put an apostrophe before the word or a double kasrah under the first letter.

But if harmony is broken then we must write each soft vowel fully:
ki'tap book,
I'stanbul Istanbul.

Parts of Speach

1. Noun
   • Pronoun
   • Masdar
2. Particle
   • Joint
     • Whose-ness
     • Who-ness
     • Suffix
   • Separate
     • Postposition
     • Conjunction
3. Verb
4. Adjective
   • Numeral
   • Participle
5. Adverb
   • Gerund
6. Interjection

Noun

Plural of a noun is formed by adding the particle lar:
kux - kuxlar bird - birds,
'it -'itlar dog - dogs.

Personal pronouns

	Singular	Plural
1st person	'ban	'biz
2nd person	'san	'siz
3rd person	o	olar

Masdars

There are three masdars (verbal nouns): V+w, V+mak/mek and V+rga/rge. The first is a normal noun, while the second and the third are infinitives.

İstanbulda jaşamak/jaşawnı/jaşarga umamn. I am hoping to live in Istanbul.

Particle

Whose-ness & Who-ness

	Whose	Who	Verb Whose
ben	-m	-mn	-m
sen	-ŋ	-sŋ	-ŋ
o	ı / i	(-dr)	(-dr)
biz	-mz	-bz	-k
siz	-ŋz	-sz	-ŋz
olar	(lar)ı / (ler)i	[lar(dr) / ler(dr)]	[lar / ler]

Benniŋ başm. My head. — Ben kücikmn. I am small/little.
Senniŋ kişiŋ. Your man. — Sen büjiksŋ. You are big.
Onıŋ ewi. His/Her/Its home. — O iyi(dr). He is good.
Bizniŋ cocıklar. Our children. — Biz warlıklıbz. We are rich.
Sizniŋ işŋz. Your work. — Siz bahcadasz. You are in the garden.
Olarnıŋ birleri. One of them. — Olar atsızlar. They are without horses.

Kızm we ogılm güzeller. My daughter and my son are beautiful.
Kara közlerŋni sewemn. I love your black eyes.
Buda kimŋz war? Which if you is here?

These particles are also used in verb conjugation except that ı / i is omitted in the 3rd person and -mz is changed for just -k. And I use these abbreviations:

τ — from Greek τίνος whose,
π — from Greek ποιος who.

Space-Time suffixes

da/de dan/den

Verb

The basic and shortest verb form (denoted by V) is at the same time 2nd person singular imperative. The negative form is V+ma/me:

Okı!   Read!   —   Okıma!   Don't read!
İc!   Drink!   —   İcme!   Don't drink!
Jat!   Lie (down)!   —   Jatma!   Don't lie (down)!

Voices

Passive	-l
Reflexive	-n
Causative	-t dır/dir
Reciprocal	-ş

Bak Look
Bakl Be looked at
Bakn Look at oneself
Bakt / Bakdır Make look
Bakş Look at one another

Kişiler warda öpşmeŋz! Don't kiss in presence of other people!
Kitaplar bulaj yazlmar. Books aren't written this way.
Kişiler warda öpşmeŋz! Don't kiss in presence of others!
Kişiler warda öpşmeŋz! Don't kiss in presence of others!

Tenses & Moods

	Simple	In the Past
Sure Future	V+acak/ecek+π	V+acak/ecek idi+τ
Present-Future	V+r+π	V+r idi+τ
Present	V+a/e+π	V+a/e idi+τ
Past	V+dı/di+τ	V+mış/miş idi+τ
Unsure Past	V+mış/miş+π
Conditional	V+sa/se+τ	V+sa/se idi+τ

Adjective

Numbers

0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
nöl	bir	iki	üc	tört	beş	altı	jedi	sekiz	tokız
10	11	20	30	40	50	60	70	80	90
on	on bir	jirmi	otız	kırk	elli	altmış	jetmiş	seksen	toksan
100	143	200	1000	8765	1 000 000	1 000 000 000	1 000 000 000 000
jüz	jüz kırk üc	iki jüz	miŋ	sekiz miŋ jedi jüz altmış beş	miljon	miljar	triljon

Participles

Present

Present

Present

Present

Present