Kunke
General Description
Kunke is a nominative-accusative SOV language which combines:
1. trial number
2. inverse number marking
3. orientation prefixes
4. areal prefixes.
5. disjoint prefixes
Number and Orientation
Number
| Number | Direct | Inverse |
|---|---|---|
| -0 | -aah |
Orientation
| Orientation | Vertical | Horizontal | Squatting |
|---|---|---|---|
| osi- | osuw- | hii- |
Commentary
Kunke has inverse number marking. Each stem is inherently singular, dual, or plural. The inherent number, called direct, is zero-marked and lexically determined. Both non-inherent numbers, called inverse are indicated by the inverse number suffix '-aah'. Stems consist minimally of an orientation prefix and a root.
The basic meaning of the root 'nasah' is 'long wooden thing' and it is inherently singular; thus 'osinasah' means 'tree', 'osinasahaah' 'trees (dual or plural)', 'osuwnasah' 'stick', 'hiinasah' 'branch'.
'Ruwsa' 'eyes' is inherently dual. 'Siuyosuwsuwsa' means 'eyes (dual). 'Siuyosuwsuwsuayaah' means 'eye(s) (singular and plural)'. 'Siuyosizhuwsa' means 'downward eye; modesty', 'siuhiizhuwsa' 'upward-glancing eyes; insolence'.
'Runwu' 'water' is inherently plural. 'Osuwsunwu' means 'water (flat)', 'osizhunwu' means 'water (vertical)', and 'hiizhunwu' means 'water (squatting)' 'Osuwsunwuyaah' means 'drop of water (in river)', 'osizhunwuyaah' 'raindrop', and 'hiizhunwuyaah' 'waterfall (because of the shift from horizontal to vertical').
Possessive Prefixes
| Possessive Prefixes | Generic | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | Reflexive | Reciprical | Areal | Disjoint | Inverse Disjoint |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| siu- | nue- | iih- | asa- | uwi- | aek- | eur- | aas- | uos- |
There are possessive prefixes in Kunke. One of them, 'siu-', seen above in words such as 'siuyosuwsuwsa' ‘eyes (du)’, is used with inalienably possessed objects, such as body parts and relatives. It is frequently used to create nouns.
'nue-' is the first person prefix.
'iih-' is the second person prefix.
'asa-' is the third person prefix. It is often replaced by the options below.
'uwi-' is the reflexive third person prefix. First and second reflexives use 'nue-' and 'iih-'.
'aek-' is the reciprocal prefix. Then it becomes less familiar to speakers of European languages.
'eur-' is an areal prefix, used when the possessor is areal, spatial, or temporal.
'aas-' is the disjoint prefix, used when both the subject and the possessor are both in the direct zero-marked form and are not identical.
'uos-' is the inverse disjoint form (a neologism on the basis of the plural disjoint prefix). It is used when the subject is inverse-marked, the possessor is not, and the possessor is not an individual included within the inverse-marked subject. Thus, from 'osizhena' ‘daughter’ from 'osi-rena':
'siuyosizhena' ‘daughter’
'nueyosizhena' ‘my daughter’
'iihosizhena' ‘your daughter’
'asayosizhena' ‘his/her daughter’
'uwiyosizhena' ‘his/her/their own daughter’
'aekosizhenayaah' ‘each other’s daughters’
'euzhosizhena' ‘area daughter; foundling; prostitute’
'aasosizhena' ‘his/her daughter (but not of the subject)’
'uososizhena' ‘his/her daughter (but not of a singular subject)’
If the inverse-marked subject is inherently dual or plural, the inverse disjoint prefix can only reflect the non-singular meaning of the inverse-marked subject. Thus, if the subject is 'osihoshetaah' ‘warrior/warriors (sg/du)’, from 'osi-horhet', 'uososizhena' can only refer to a daughter of someone who is a not a part of the group of the two warriors who are the subject of the sentence; if she were the daughter of one of these warriors, one would use 'asayosizhena'.
Genitives
| Genitive | Alienable | Inalienable |
|---|---|---|
| -ia | -iko |
There are two genitive suffixes, one alienable '-ia', the other inalienable '-iko'. A piece of jewelry owned by the warrior’s daughter would produce 'iihosizhenayia hiikuaw' ‘your daughter’s jewelry’, but her neck, 'ruta', would produce 'iihosizhenayiko siuyosizhuta' ‘your daughter’s neck’.
Verbal Structure
Kunke verbs have the following structure:
switch reference-subject-root-object-tense.
Switch reference
| Switch Reference | Remote Past | Past | Present | Future |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Same Subject | une- | ohru- | uuh- | hue- |
| Different Subject | uno- | our- | uuw- | oha- |
Switch reference is zero-marked on a free-standing verb. Switch-reference encodes tense as well change of subject.
Verbal Plurals
| Verbal Affixes | Generic | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | Reflexive | Reciprocal | Areal | Disjoint |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | ook- | nue- | iih- | asa- | uwi- | aek- | eur- | aas- |
| Duoplural | hue- | iti- | wao- | iho- | uwi- | aer- | iar- | uos- |
Verbs, unlike nouns, have explicit duoplural forms for numbers and persons. The singular forms are the same as the possessive prefixes listed above, except for the Generic, which is different. The duoplural forms are different, except for the Reflexive, which is the same.
The verbal disjoint prefix must follow a switch reference prefix and precede the verb root if the subject is different from the previous sentence.
An areal suffix after the verb root refers to the number (singular or duoplural) of the direct object. A verbal disjoint suffix after the verb refers to the number (singular or duoplural) of the omitted direct object.
Tense Suffixes
| Tense Suffixes | Remote Past | Past | Present | Future |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| -iet | -iur | -iun | -ihu |
Sentence Examples
osihoshet osuwsena ihoyosuwasayiet aasosuwwehsi uneyihosisoyeuzhiet
osi-horhet osuw-rena iho-osuw-asa-iet aas-osuw-wehsi une-iho-siso-eur-iet
VERT-warrior SQU-daughter 3pl-see-RPST DJT-HORZ-building RPST.SAME-3pl-seize-AREA-RPST
The warriors saw the housemaid and seized her house.
osihoshetaah osuwsena ihoyosuwasayiet uososuwwehsi uneyihosisoyeuzhiet
osi-horhet-aah osuw-rena iho-osuw-asa-iet uos-osuw-wehsi une-iho-siso-eur-iet
VERT-warrior-INV SQU-daughter 3pl-see-RPST INV.DJT-HORZ-building RPST.SAME-3pl-seize-AREA-RPST
The two warriors saw the housemaid and seized her house.
osihoshetaah osuwsena asayosuwasayiet asayosuwwehsi uneyasasisoyeuzhiet
osi-horhet-aah osuw-rena asa-osuw-asa-iet asa-osuw-wehsi une-asa-siso-eur-iet
VERT-warrior-INV SQU-daughter 3sg-see-RPST 3-HORZ-building RPST.SAME-3sg-seize-AREA-RPST
The warrior saw the housemaid and seized her house.
osihoshet osuwsenayaah ihoyosuwasayiet asayosuwwehsi uneyihosisoyeuzhiet
osi-horhet osuw-rena-aah iho-osuw-asa-iet asa-osuw-wehsi une-iho-siso-eur-iet
VERT-warrior SQU-daughter-INV 3pl-see-RPST 3-HORZ-building RPST.SAME-3pl-seize-AREA-RPST
The warriors saw the housemaids and seized their house.
osihoshetaah osuwsenayaah ihoyosuwasayiet asayosuwwehsi uneyihosisoyeuzhiet
osi-horhet-aah osuw-rena-aah iho-osuw-asa-iet asa-osuw-wehsi une-iho-siso-eur-iet
VERT-warrior-INV SQU-daughter-INV 3pl-see-RPST 3-HORZ-building RPST.SAME-3pl-seize-AREA-RPST
The two warriors saw the housemaids and seized her house.
osihoshetaah osuwsenayaah asayosuwasayiet asayosuwwehsi uneyasasisoyeuzhiet
osi-horhet-aah osuw-rena-aah asa-osuw-asa-iet asa-osuw-wehsi une-asa-siso-eur-iet
VERT-warrior-INV SQU-daughter-INV 3sg-see-RPST 3-HORZ-building RPST.SAME-3sg-seize-AREA-RPST
The warrior saw the housemaids and seized their house.
osihoshet osuwsena ihoyosuwasayiet aasosuwwehsi unoyuosihosisoyeuzhiet
osi-horhet osuw-rena iho-osuw-asa-iet asa-osuw-wehsi uno-uos-iho-siso-eur-iet
VERT-warrior SQU-daughter 3pl-see-RPST 3-HORZ-building RPST.DIFF-PL.DJT-3pl-seize-AREA-RPST
The warriors saw the housemaid and someone else (duoplural) seized her house.
osihoshet osuwsena ihoyosuwasayiet aasosuwwehsi unoyaasasasisoyeuzhiet
osi-horhet osuw-rena iho-osuw-asa-iet asa-osuw-wehsi uno-aas-asa-siso-eur-iet
VERT-warrior SQU-daughter 3pl-see-RPST 3-HORZ-building RPST.DIFF-SG.DJT-3sg-seize-AREA-RPST
The warriors saw the housemaid and someone else (singular) seized her house.
osihoshet osuwasiwaah ihosisoyiazhihu
osi-horhet osuw-asiw-aah iho-siso-iar-ihu
VERT-warrior HORZ-field-INV 3pl-seize-AREA.PL-FUT
The warriors will seize the fields’
Lexicon
asiw (sg) - osiwasiw 'vine trellis'; osuwasiw 'field'; hiiyasiw 'vineyard'
hoshet (< hor-het) (pl) - osihoshet 'band of warriors'; osihoshetaah 'warrior(s)'
kuaw (pl) - hiikuaw 'jewelry'
nasah (sg) - osinasah 'tree'; osinasahaah 'trees'; osuwnasah 'stick'; hiinasah 'branch'
asa - to see
rena (sg) - osizhena 'daughter'; osuwsena 'housemaid'; euzhosizhena 'foundling; prostitute'
runwu (pl) - osizhunwuyaah 'raindrop'; osuwsunwu 'water'; osuwsunwuyaah 'drop of water (in river)'; hiizhunwuyaah 'waterfall'
ruta (sg) - osizhuta 'neck'; hiizhuta 'limb'
ruwsa (du) - siuyosizhuwsa 'modesty'; siuyosuwsuwsa 'eyes'; siuyosuwsuwsa 'eye(s) (sg/pl)'; siuhiizhuwsa 'insolence'
siso - to seize
wehsi (sg) - osiwehsi 'tower'; osuwwehsi 'building'; hiiwehsi 'buttress'
