Proto-Hispanic is the reconstructed common ancestor of the fictional group of Hispanic languages. Not yet estimated when it was spoken, and maybe it's asociated to Cardium pottery in Iberian peninsula. It is based on Basque and the Northern Caucasian languages.
Phonology
Consonants
|
|
Labial
|
Laminodental
|
Apicoalveolar
|
Postalveolar
|
Velar
|
Glottal
|
| Nasal
|
*m
|
|
*n
|
|
*ŋ
|
|
| Stop
|
Aspirated
|
*pʰ
|
|
*tʰ
|
|
*kʰ
|
*h
|
| Voiceless
|
*p
|
|
*t
|
|
*k
|
|
| Voiced
|
*b
|
|
*d
|
|
*g
|
|
| Affricate
|
Aspirated
|
|
*tʰz
|
*tʰs
|
*tʰʃ
|
|
|
| Voiceless
|
|
*tz
|
*ts
|
*tʃ
|
|
|
| Voiced
|
|
*dz
|
*ds
|
*dʃ
|
|
|
| Fricative
|
|
*z
|
*s
|
*ʃ
|
*x
|
*ɦ
|
| Lateral
|
Fricative
|
|
|
*ɬ
|
|
|
|
| Aproximant
|
|
|
*l
|
|
*ɫ
|
|
| Rhotic
|
Aproximant
|
|
|
*ɹ
|
|
|
|
| Trill
|
|
|
*r
|
|
|
|
| Tap
|
|
|
*ɾ
|
|
|
|
Consonant gradation
|
|
Lenis
|
Fortis
|
Lenis/Fortis
|
| Nasal
|
*ŋ
|
*n
|
*m
|
| Labial Stop
|
*b
|
*p
|
*pʰ
|
| Dentoalveolar Stop
|
*d
|
*t
|
*tʰ
|
| Velar Stop
|
*g
|
*k
|
*kʰ
|
| Laminodental Affricate
|
*dz
|
*tz
|
*tʰz
|
| Apicoalveolar Affricate
|
*ds
|
*ts
|
*tʰs
|
| Postalveolar Affricate
|
*dʃ
|
*tʃ
|
*tʰʃ
|
| Sibilant Fricative
|
*z
|
*s
|
*ʃ
|
| Laringal
|
*ɦ
|
*h
|
*x
|
| Lateral
|
*l
|
*ɫ
|
*ɬ
|
| Rhotic
|
*ɾ
|
*r
|
*ɹ
|
Vowels
|
|
Front
|
Central
|
Back
|
| High
|
*i
|
*ɨ
|
*u
|
| Mid
|
*e
|
*ə
|
*o
|
| Low
|
|
*a
|
|
Ablaut patterns
|
|
I
|
II
|
III
|
| Type 1
|
*a
|
*e
|
*i
|
| Type 2
|
*a
|
*ə
|
*ɨ
|
| Type 3
|
*a
|
*o
|
*u
|
Pronoun
Personal
|
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| Subject |
Object |
Subject |
Object
|
| 1st person
|
Exclusive
|
*ni ~ *mi
|
*dsi ~ *zo / *gu
|
*ʃi
|
*ʃi
|
| Inclusive
|
-
|
-
|
*ɬa ~ *ɬi ~ *ɬe
|
*ɬa ~ *ɬi ~ *ɬe
|
| 2nd person
|
Masculine
|
*χu ~ *bo
|
*χu ~ *du
|
*zu
|
*zu
|
| Feminine
|
*nǝ ~ *mǝ
|
*nǝ ~ *mǝ
|
*su ~ *se ~ *so
|
*su ~ *se ~ *so
|
Demonstrative
|
|
Subject
|
Object
|
| Indeterminate
|
*gǝ
|
*tʰʃɨ
|
| Proximal
|
*ɦa
|
*dǝ
|
| Medial-proximal
|
*ɦi
|
*bǝ ~ *pǝ
|
| Medial
|
*ɦe
|
*tʰǝ
|
| Medial-distal
|
*ɦo
|
*ɫǝ
|
| Distal
|
*ɦu
|
*zǝ
|
Interrogative
|
|
Original
|
Interrogative
|
| Inanimate (What)
|
*za
|
*za-ɦi
|
| Animate
|
Non-human (Which)
|
*kʰɨ
|
*kʰɨ-ɦi
|
| Human (Who)
|
*nǝ
|
*nǝ-ɦi
|
Noun morphology
Declension
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
Indefinite
|
| Absolutive/Nominative
|
*-
|
*-
|
*-
|
| Ergative
|
*-kǝ
|
*-
|
*-
|
| Dative
|
*-ɦi
|
*-
|
*-
|
Verb morphology
Personal particles
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| Subject |
Object |
Subject |
Object
|
| 1st person
|
Exclusive
|
*n-
|
*da
|
*gu
|
*gu
|
| Inclusive
|
-
|
-
|
*ɬu
|
*ɬu
|
| 2nd person
|
Masculine
|
*h-
|
*xa
|
*zu
|
*zu
|
| Feminine
|
*b-
|
*na
|
*su
|
*su
|
Thrid person particles
|
|
Subject
|
Object
|
| Indeterminate
|
*ʃ-
|
*ga
|
| Proximal
|
*d-
|
*ɦa
|
| Medial-proximal
|
*p-
|
*ɦi
|
| Medial
|
*tʰ-
|
*ɦe
|
| Medial-distal
|
*ɫ-
|
*ɦo
|
| Distal
|
*ʃ-
|
*ɦu
|
Sound correspondences with real languages
Consonants
| Proto-Hispanic
|
Iberian
|
Basque
|
| *ŋ
|
?
|
n-/-0-/-n
|
| *n
|
?
|
n
|
| *m
|
?
|
m/n
|
| *b
|
?
|
b
|
| *p
|
?
|
p/b-
|
| *pʰ
|
?
|
p
|
| *d
|
?
|
d/t-
|
| *t
|
?
|
t
|
| *tʰ
|
?
|
t
|
| *g
|
?
|
g
|
| *k
|
?
|
k
|
| *kʰ
|
?
|
h/0
|
| *dz
|
?
|
z
|
| *tz
|
?
|
z-/sU-/-tz-/-tsU-
|
| *tʰz
|
?
|
z-/sU-/-tz-/-tsU-
|
| *ds
|
?
|
z
|
| *ts
|
?
|
tx-/tsU-/-tz-/-tsU-
|
| *tʰs
|
?
|
z/sU
|
| *dʃ
|
?
|
z
|
| *tʃ
|
?
|
tx-/tsU-/-tz-/-tsU-
|
| *tʰʃ
|
?
|
z-/sU-/-tz-/-tsU-
|
| *z
|
?
|
z
|
| *s
|
?
|
z
|
| *ʃ
|
?
|
s
|
| *ɦ
|
?
|
ɦ/h/0
|
| *h
|
?
|
h/0
|
| *x
|
?
|
g/h/0
|
| *l
|
?
|
l-/-ɾ-/-l
|
| *ɫ
|
?
|
l
|
| *ɬ
|
?
|
l-/-lh-/-rC-/-l
|
| *ɾ
|
?
|
ɾ
|
| *r
|
?
|
r
|
| *ɹ
|
?
|
ɾ/r?
|
Vowels
| Proto-Hispanic
|
Iberian
|
Basque
|
| *i
|
?
|
i?
|
| *ɨ
|
?
|
i/u?
|
| *u
|
?
|
u?
|
| *e
|
?
|
e?
|
| *ə
|
?
|
e/o?
|
| *o
|
?
|
o?
|
| *a
|
?
|
a?
|
Thematic lexicon
Personal relations
| Proto-Hispanic
|
English meaning
|
Spanish meaning
|
Basque cognate
|
Notes
|
| *ɦa-ma |
mother |
madre |
? |
-
|
| *da-da-ɦi |
father |
padre |
? |
-
|
| *i=tʰsi/*e=tʰsi |
sister |
hermana |
? |
-
|
| *u=tʰsi/*o=tʰsi |
brother |
hermano |
? |
-
|
Day's cycle
| Proto-Hispanic
|
English meaning
|
Spanish meaning
|
Basque cognate
|
Notes
|
| *zeu̯ŋǝ / *ɦǝtʰsa / *tʰsaɦǝ |
yesterday |
ayer |
atzo, átzo |
-
|
Flora
| Proto-Hispanic
|
English meaning
|
Spanish meaning
|
Basque cognate
|
Notes
|
| *ɦˈaɬtǝ-lǝ |
brach, pod |
rama, vaina |
adar, ádar |
-
|
| *ɦˈakʰǝ-ŋǝ |
brach, pod |
tronco, rama, haz |
aihen, aien, axen |
-
|
Adjectives
| Proto-Hispanic
|
English meaning
|
Spanish meaning
|
Basque cognate
|
Notes
|
| *ɦaɫǝ-ɦǝ |
weak, slow |
débil, lento |
ahul, aul, abol, áhül, aultu |
-
|
Verbs
| Proto-Hispanic
|
English meaning
|
Spanish meaning
|
Basque cognate
|
Notes
|
| *e-(a)tʰzei̯-n |
catch, gather, take |
atrapar, coger, llevar, tomar, recoger, reunir |
atzitu, atzipe, atzipatu, atsipatu |
-
|
