Proto-Hispanic is the reconstructed common ancestor of the fictional group of Hispanic languages. Not yet estimated when it was spoken, and it's asociated to Cardium pottery in Iberian peninsula. It is based on Basque and the Northern Caucasian languages.
Phonology
Consonants
|
|
Labial
|
Laminodental
|
Apicoalveolar
|
Postalveolar
|
Velar
|
Glottal
|
| Nasal
|
*m
|
|
*n
|
|
*ŋ
|
|
| Stop
|
Aspirated
|
*pʰ
|
|
*tʰ
|
|
*kʰ
|
*h
|
| Voiceless
|
*p
|
|
*t
|
|
*k
|
|
| Voiced
|
*b
|
|
*d
|
|
*g
|
|
| Affricate
|
Aspirated
|
|
*tʰz
|
*tʰs
|
*tʰʃ
|
|
|
| Voiceless
|
|
*tz
|
*ts
|
*tʃ
|
|
|
| Voiced
|
|
*dz
|
*ds
|
*dʃ
|
|
|
| Fricative
|
|
*z
|
*s
|
*ʃ
|
*x
|
*ɦ
|
| Lateral
|
Fricative
|
|
|
*ɬ
|
|
|
|
| Aproximant
|
|
|
*l
|
|
*ɫ
|
|
| Rhotic
|
Aproximant
|
|
|
*ɹ
|
|
|
|
| Trill
|
|
|
*r
|
|
|
|
| Tap
|
|
|
*ɾ
|
|
|
|
|
|
Lenis
|
Fortis
|
Lenis/Fortis
|
| Nasal
|
*ŋ
|
*n
|
*m
|
| Labial Stop
|
*b
|
*p
|
*pʰ
|
| Dentoalveolar Stop
|
*d
|
*t
|
*tʰ
|
| Velar Stop
|
*g
|
*k
|
*kʰ
|
| Laminodental Affricate
|
*dz
|
*tz
|
*tʰz
|
| Apicoalveolar Affricate
|
*ds
|
*ts
|
*tʰs
|
| Postalveolar Affricate
|
*dʃ
|
*tʃ
|
*tʰʃ
|
| Sibilant Fricative
|
*z
|
*s
|
*ʃ
|
| Laringal
|
*ɦ
|
*h
|
*x
|
| Lateral
|
*l
|
*ɫ
|
*ɬ
|
| Rhotic
|
*ɾ
|
*r
|
*ɹ
|
Vowels
|
|
Front
|
Central
|
Back
|
| High
|
*i
|
*ɨ
|
*u
|
| Mid
|
*e
|
*ə
|
*o
|
| Low
|
|
*a
|
|
Ablaut patterns
|
|
I
|
II
|
III
|
| Type 1
|
*a
|
*e
|
*i
|
| Type 2
|
*a
|
*ə
|
*ɨ
|
| Type 3
|
*a
|
*o
|
*u
|
Verb morphology
Personal particles
|
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| Subject |
Object |
Subject |
Object
|
| 1st person
|
Exclusive
|
*ni
|
*da
|
*gu
|
*gu
|
| Inclusive
|
-
|
-
|
*ɬu
|
*ɬu
|
| 2nd person
|
Masculine
|
*xi
|
*ɣa
|
*zu
|
*zu
|
| Feminine
|
*bi
|
*na
|
*su ~ *ʃu
|
*su ~ *ʃu
|
Thrid person particles
|
|
Subject
|
Object
|
| Indeterminate
|
*ʃe
|
*ga
|
| Proximal
|
*de
|
*ɦa
|
| Medial-proximal
|
*be ~ *pe
|
*ɦi
|
| Medial
|
*tʰe
|
*ɦe
|
| Medial-distal
|
*le
|
*ɦo
|
| Distal
|
*ze
|
*ɦu
|
Pronoun
Personal
|
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| Subject |
Object |
Subject |
Object
|
| 1st person
|
Exclusive
|
*ni ~ *mi
|
*dsi ~ *zo / *gu
|
*ʃi
|
*ʃi
|
| Inclusive
|
-
|
-
|
*ɬa ~ *ɬi ~ *ɬe
|
*ɬa ~ *ɬi ~ *ɬe
|
| 2nd person
|
Masculine
|
*χu ~ *bo
|
*χu ~ *du
|
*zu
|
*zu
|
| Feminine
|
*nǝ ~ *mǝ
|
*nǝ ~ *mǝ
|
*su ~ *se ~ *so
|
*su ~ *se ~ *so
|
Demonstrative
|
|
Subject
|
Object
|
| Indeterminate
|
*gǝ
|
*tʰʃɨ
|
| Proximal
|
*ɦa
|
*dǝ
|
| Medial-proximal
|
*ɦi
|
*bǝ ~ *pǝ
|
| Medial
|
*ɦe
|
*tʰǝ
|
| Medial-distal
|
*ɦo
|
*lǝ
|
| Distal
|
*ɦu
|
*zǝ
|
Interrogative
|
|
Original
|
Interrogative
|
| Inanimate (What)
|
*za
|
*za-ɦi
|
| Animate
|
Non-human (Which)
|
*kʰɨ
|
*kʰɨ-ɦi
|
| Human (Who)
|
*nǝ
|
*nǝ-ɦi
|
