Basque

Introduction

Basque is a language isolate spoken in the Pyrenees by approximately 700,000 people on either side of the France-Spain border. It is an agglutinating language with an extensive case system and verbal morphology.

Phonology

Point of Articulation	Stop	Nasal	Trill	Tap	Fricative	Lateral	Approximant	Affricate
Bilabial	p b	m
Labiodental					f (1)
Alveolar	t d	n	rr	r	s z (2)	l		ts tz
Post-Alveolar					x			tx
Palatal	tt dd	ñ				ll
Velar	k g				j

1. f is quite rare, and mostly occurs in loan words such as kafe. It is arguably not a sound originally present in Basque
2. the distinction between s and z is not one of voicing, but rather s is apical (the tongue tip rather than the blade creates the sound). s sounds somewhat like [S].

Voiced stops are also often softened inside words until they become fricatives (b -> B, d -> D, g -> G) or vanish entirely. The Basque vowel system is a standard i e a o u similar to Spanish, with no distinction for length, and no nasal vowels (except in one dialect). There are several diphthongs including eu au ai ei.

The Case System

Ergativity

Basque is probably most famous for being an Ergative language (I have often seen it used as an example). What this means (in the case of Basque) is that in transitive clauses the Patient is unmarked, as is the single argument of an intransitive verb, and the Actor takes a separate marker. Some examples:

mutila joan da
mutil-a joan da
boy-NP go pres.3st.sing.abs
the boy goes

mutilak kafesnea nahi luke
mutil-a-k kafesne-a nahi luke
boy-NP-erg coffee-NP want cond.3rd.abs.3rd.erg
the boy would like some coffee

As you can see, in the transitive sentence the Actor (the boy) takes an extra marker -k, whereas the Patient (coffee) does not.