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Pronunciation table

पेमुकॊ peműko (labial)								रीस़ुकॊ riisűko (dental)								मुइतुकॊ muitűko (alveolar)								भइनुकॊ vainűko (palatal)							ज़ूऀस़ेँनॊस़् ṡ̨uuše̋nos (vowels)								निथॊ ज़ूऀस़ेँनॊस़् nı̋þo ṡ̨uuše̋nos (weak vowels)
p	b	f	v	m̃	m			t	d	þ	ð	ɫ	l			ṡ	ż	s	z	r	n			k	g	x	ƣ	h	ȝ			š	s̨			i	e	a	ǫ	o	u			ĭ	ĕ	ŭ
/p/	/b/	/ɸ/	/β/	/m̥/	/m/			/t/	/d/	/θ/	/ð/	/l̥/	/l/			/ʦ/	/ʣ/	/s/	/z/	/ɾ̥/	/n/			/k/	/g/	/ç/	/ʝ/	/j̊/	/j/			/sʷ/	/sʲ/			/i/	/e/	/ä/	/ɒ/	/o/	/u/			/ɪ/	/ɛ/	/ʊ/

Glossing abbreviations

1s/p = 1st person singular/plural	ABL = ablative suffix	COL = collective	F = feminine	INT = intensive prefix	PRV = privative prefix	SUP = supine
2s/p = 2nd person singular/plural	ABS = absolutive (an unmarked modifying adjective)	DES = desiderative	FRQ = frequentative	LAT = lative suffix	PST = past	TRZ = transitivizer
3 = 3rd person	ADV = adverb	DIM = diminutive	FUT = future	LOC = locative suffix	REV = reversive	VOC = vocative particle
A(.s/p) = accusative (singular/plural)	AG = agent	ELIS = elision	IMP = imperative	M = masculine	Q = interrogative particle
G(.s/p) = genitive (singular/plural)	AP = agent (active) participle	ELT = elative	INC = inchoative	OCC = occupation suffix	QUOT = direct quotation
N(.s/p) = nominative (singular/plural)	AUG = augmentative	EP = epenthesis	IND = indicative	PP = patient (past) participle	RPR = recent perfective
V(.s/p) = vocative (singular/plural)	CAUS = causative	EQU = equative degree	INS = instrument	PRF = perfect	SBJ = subjunctive

Verb

• 1. še̋da - endure, continue over time
• The children seem happy now, but that won't last long.
• ṡı̋ṡus ímu ka̋itus ka̋ȝa. ésti no dóm̃' u-še̋da ne:

ṡı̋ṡ-us	ímu	ka̋it-us	ka̋ȝ-a	ésti	n-o	dóm̃-'	u=še̋d-a	ne
child-N.p	now	happy-N.p	seem-IND	but	that-N.s	long	FUT=continue-IND	not

• 2. t̬ı̋ɫa - hold out, continue undefeated
• The army won't last without reinforcements
• őmu m̃ooƣṡaþm̃ű' sána u-t̬ı̋ɫa ne:

őm-u	m̃ooƣ-ṡaþm̃-ű-'	sána	u=t̬ı̋ɫ-a	ne
army-N.s	additional-troops-G.s-ELIS	without	FUT=last-IND	not

• 3. lűűsa - shape shoes
• The cobbler lasts the shoes that he makes.
• þaav̈a̋a̋nlu þa̋a̋von—táon va̋a̋na—lűűsa:

þaav-va̋a̋n-l-u	þa̋a̋v-on	tá-on	va̋a̋n-a	lűűs-a
shoe-make-AG-N.s	shoe-A.p	which-A.p	make-IND	last-IND

Adjective

• 4. műgi - final, ultimate
• That was the last time his wife saw him.
• na műga ke̋e̋sa e-e̋sa—ȝa eȝu-kőzu éȝum e-na̋ka:

n-a	műga-Ø	ke̋e̋s-a	e=e̋s-a	ȝa	eȝu=kőz-u	éȝ-um	e=na̋k-a
that-N.s	last-ABS	time-N.s	PST=be-IND	that	his=wife-N.s	3-A.s	PST=see-IND

• 5. nĭne̋bi - most recent, latest
• The last time I saw him he had a beard.
• bisa̋ro nĭne̋ba keesa̋s—ȝa mu éȝum e-na̋ka—eȝús o e-e̋sa:

bisa̋r-o	nĭ~ne̋ba-Ø	kees-a̋s	ȝa	m-u	éȝ-um	e=na̋k-a	eȝ-ús	o	e=e̋s-a
beard-N.s	ELT~last-ABS	time-G.s	that	1s.N	3-A.s	PST=see-IND	3-G.s	to	PST=be-IND

• 6. lĭlísu na̋mi - most unlikely, least preferable
• éȝu lĭlísu na̋mu hőmu—táum mu nuse̋ȝa—e̋sa:
• He is the last person I would suspect.

éȝ-u	lĭlísu	na̋mu-Ø	hőm-u	tá-um	m-u	nus-e̋ȝa	e̋s-a
3-N.s	least	likely-ABS	person-N.s	who-A.s	1s-N	suspect-SBJ	be-IND

• 7. műgi - only one of its class
• The hunters killed the last wolf in the valley.
• ve̋e̋ðlus műge leðős éna m̃a̋ilem e-ka̋a̋da:

ve̋e̋ð-l-us	műge-Ø	leð-ős	éna	m̃a̋il-em	e=ka̋a̋d-a
hunter-AG-N.p	last-A.s	valley-G.p	in	wolf-A.s	PST=kill-IND

• 8. sŭsűpi - lowest in rank or degree
• ne̋sku sŭsűpo dinős túȝa sa̋a̋aþu vűűu e-ke̋la:
• The girl had to be satisfied with the last prize.

ne̋sk-u	sŭ~sűpo-Ø	din-ős	túȝa	sa̋a̋-a-þ-u	vűű-u	e=ke̋l-a
girl-N.s	ELT~low-ABS	prize-G.s	with	satisfy-IND-PP-N.s	be-SUP	PST=had.to-IND

• 9. hes- - immediately before the present
• Last night the moon was full.
• b̨a̋a̋ge hesȝita̋s e-e̋sa:

b̨a̋a̋g-e	hes=ȝit-a̋s	e=e̋s-a
full.moon-N.s	yester=evening-G.s	PST=be-IND

• 10. fe̋si – closest to a week ago
• It's Wednesday, and the party was last Tuesday
• tárona̋ha e̋sa da sa̋rno fe̋sa neeraha̋s e-e̋sa:

tárona̋h-a	e̋s-a	da	sa̋rn-o	fe̋sa-Ø	neerah-a̋s	e=e̋s-a
Wednesday-N.s	be-IND	and	feast-N.s	last-ABS	Tuesday-G.s	PST=be-IND

Adverb

• 11. nĭnév̈i - most recently
• He insulted me when last we met.
• éȝu mum e-poőra—méti m̃us nĭnév̈i e-pa̋na:

éȝ-u	m-um	e=poőr-a	méti	m̃-us	nĭ~név=vi	e=pa̋n-a
3-N.s	1s-A	PST=insult-IND	when	1p-N	ELT~recent=ADV	PST=meet-IND

• 12. múƣvi - after everything else, finally
• He entered the race, but came in last.
• éȝu bőnom e-aðne̋e̋ma—ésti múƣvi e-þűka:

éȝ-u	bőn-om	e=aðne̋e̋m-a	ésti	múƣ=vi	e=þűka
3.N.s	race-A.s	PST=enter	but	last=ADV	PST=complete

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