User:Bukkia/sandboxIII
The verbal cluster
The verbal cluster is placed at the end of the sentence. Its core is the verb itself, which conveys only the meaning of the action or the state and its intrinsic qualities, like transitivity, intransivity, etc.
The verbal cluster is usually considered as composed of these elements:
| Negation | - | Time | - | Verb | - | Aspect | - | Mode | - | Evidentiality |
The categories negation, time, aspect, mode, and evidentiality are expressed by grammatical particles. None of these particles are absolutely necessary, and none of this in mandatorily present, except for the verb itself.
Negation is usually considered part of the verbal cluster but it will be analysed separately, because of its different behaviour in the sentence.
Use of temporal particles
ta: past, it locates the action in the past rā: remote past, it locates the action in the remote past, historical past or a past that we feel remote and far mo: present, it locates the action in the present, it is usually omitted, and when expressed it conveys the meaning of precise present "right now" fut: future, it locates the action in the future fu ta: future in the past, it locates the action in the (hypotetic) future of a past action (still in the past) ta fu: anterior future, it locates the action in the past of a future action (still in the future)
Use of aspectual particles
fa: perfective, it marks a completed action, with no regard for its effects or results ǵa: perfect, it marks a completed action which results are still affecting the moment we are talking about, (= English perfect tenses) sty: continous, it marks an uncompleted ongoing action in the moment we are talking about (= English continuous tenses) rē: repetitive, it marks an action which is repeated many times (= doing again, keep on doing again) sōl: habitual, it marks an action which is routinely or habitually performed (usually, used to) pyr: prospective, it marks an action which is about to start in the moment we are talking about (= to be about to) maj: experiencial, it marks the fact we have have or never have had experience of the action in the moment we are talking about (ever, never)
Use of modal particles
Modal particles express verbal modality, describing a quality about the action or the state expressed by the verb. English has only two modes (or moods) an rely on modal verbs to express the same meanings.
The absence of any modal particles conveys the basic idea of an action or a state, the reality form, without any added information about wish, obligation, possibility, etc.
Modal particles are placed after the aspectual particles and before the evidential particles. Since it is possible for more that one modal particles to be present in a verbal cluster, they can be added in the following order.
Vol conveys an idea of will, intent, intention or the idea for a planned action
- Tȳn lāoh ta lā vol: He wanted to write a text (the subject had the intention to write the text, and it is almost sure he wrote it)
- Tȳn lāoh fut lā vol: He is going to write a text (he has the intention and has planned to write the text)
Des conveys the idea of wish, desire, crave or hope, but it doesn't give any information about intention or planning
- Tȳn lāoh fut lā des: He would like to write a text (the subject has the wishes to write the text, but we have no information if he has planned to do so)
- Tȳn lāoh ta lā des: He wished to write a text (the subject has the wishes to write the text, but it seemed unlikely that he wrote it)
Without any specific subject or with a subject that cannot feel wish, it can express a general hope for the action to get real (something like the English subjunctive with may):
- Dōb lāoh ā le fut lā fa des: May a good text be written (we hope that it will be this way)
Pos conveys an idea of ability, capability, that the subject knows how to do something, both an innate or a learnt capability.
- Tȳn nat lā pos: He cannot write (for example, because the subject is too young, and still does not know how to write)
Kra conveys an idea of a momentaneous ability, something that the subject can do in this moment, not a forever real capability.
- Tȳn nat lā kra sty: He cannot write (for example, the subject is too excited to write, too cold or too frightened, a momentaneous condition, but he knows how to write)
ro: potential, it conveys possibility, may, might da: permissive, it conveys allowance, permission, may, allow toōb: jussive, it conveys an idea of obligation and duty, have to, to be forced to nec: necessity, it conveys an idea of necessity, must, it is necessary that, it is needed that vā: causative, it marks that the action is caused by someone on someone/thing else, let, make, get, have kōm: incohative, it marks a beginning action, to begin, to start fōr: hypothetical, it marks the uncertainty of the action or that the action is/was/will be hypothetical, maybe, if si: imperative, to give orders (usually not used with the negative prohibitive particle).
Use of evidential particles
nah: reported action, the speaker does not personally see the action, the action is reported by someone else box: doubtful action, the speaker does not personally see the action, the action is reported by someone else, but the speaker expresses his/her doubt about its truthfulness kap: deduced action, the speaker does not personally see the action, but he/she deduces the action by seeing traces or evidences
