Valware prepositions

Pronunciation table

Latin	a	v	e	i	y	l	m	n	ń	o	r	s	t	u	w	f	h	ʻ
IPA	/a/	/β/	/e/	/i/	/j/	/l/	/m/	/n/	/ŋ/	/o/	/ɾ/	/s/	/t/	/u/	/w/	/ɸ/	/h/	/ʔ/

• The letters of the alphabet are arranged in a modified Cyrillic order.

Simple Prepositions

• aru: denotes at or to a lower level than something else literally or figuratively: below, behind, beneath, under(neath).

Ne yi he nava fańvi yi aru holvi ań.

We found the dishes under the table.

• ate: denotes from one side of an opening to another: through.

Sa he mase te yavi sa ate suya ń.

He hurried home through the rain.

• ava: denotes motion from one side to the other: across, over.

tańwa ń he ińwu ava yana ń.

The boy swam across the lake.

• aya: denotes position on top of literally or figuratively: atop, over, to, upon.

Nuvo ań he yeta wuya yi aya nasa ń.

The woman placed the flowers on the table.

• elu: denotes disregard for: despite, in spite of, for, in face of, notwithstanding.

Elu wanwe ań sa he luti lo infi ań.

Despite the danger he dove into the water.

• ene: denotes in opposition to, in contact with: against, contrary to, into, on, opposed to, opposite, up, with.

Huwu fa ene sawa ń.

Don't run into the tree!

• fań: denotes change to, toward, or at an elevated place literally or figuratively: up, up to.

Tańwa ń he viʻa fań sawa ń.

The boy climbed up the tree.

• feń: denotes situation or partition between two or more entities: among, (in) between, through, with.

Tańwa ń he ńiru eńa wana o wińa sa.

The boy stood between his father and mother.

• fi: denotes agency: by.

Sa me he tańi fi nosa yuń.

He was bitten by a snake.

• ham: denotes comparison: than, compared to.

Sa fen tayi ham ne.

He is stronger than I am.

• ho: denotes position on both sides of a place of thing: astraddle, astride, on both sides of.

Ontalu ań ńoso ho tofolo ań.

The hunter is sitting astride the log.

• iti: denotes up to a limit: until, to, till, up to.

Ne yi yaʻa sim vi yi iti unsa savi ań.

We will stay with you until tomorrow.

• lo: denotes movement into: into.

nańto ań he tina lo rune ań.

The meat fell into the fire.

• ma: denotes removal from a certain place or time either literally or figuratively or separation from support, attachment or position: from, off (of), of, away from,.

Yanla ń he huwu ma wińa sa.

The child ran away from her mother.

• mo: denotes duration or extension through space literally or figuratively: (all) over, through(out).

Yanla yi he huwu mo fańwa.

The children ran all over the beach.

• ńo: denotes position within the interior of something: inside, in, within.

nuvo ań ńo yavi sa.

The woman is in her house.

• oi: denotes movement or direction from the inside to the outside: (out) of, from (within).

Nuvo yi he huwu oi yavi ań.

The women ran out of the house.

• on: denotes encirclement or in or to various directions or locations: around: .

ʻEna ne yi ińwu on vali ań.

Let's swim around the island.

• re: denotes in the course of: during, for, in, in the process-, -course-, -of, on, through, throughout, under.

Falo ań he uta re silu savi.

The storm lasted three days.

• sen: denotes having a lack of something: without.

Vi weva tola humu sen yuwa ne.

You will have to do this without my help.

• sim: denotes accompaniment in time or space: with, along with.

Yanla yi he ala sim sole yi sa yi.

The children came with their parents.

• son: denotes similarity or likeness: like, similar to.

Rina vi yi somi son yamni.

Your hands smell like roses.

• tań: denotes proximity: near, about, beside, by, next to, on, close to, against.

Wiye ne yi tań wula ń.

Our village is near the mountain.

• te: denotes motion towards literally or figuratively: to, toward, at, into, -ward.

Vilo yi wala te yula ń.

The birds are flying seaward.

• teń: denotes instrumentality: with, by means of.

Vi yeri towa sam ʻuru teń wotowa yuń.

You can cut that breadfruit with a knife.

• va: denotes purpose: for, in order to.

Ne he rahe hum tofi va taluta ń.

I made this spear for the hunt.

• ve: denotes stationary position or location in time or space: at, in, on, to.

Tena ń ve fańwa ń.

The boat is on the beach.

• ve: denotes the indirect object of the verb or indicates a relationship to an adjective: to, for.

Ne feli yafa ń ve veli ne.

I will give the banana to my daughter.

With certain nouns ve forms compound prepositions, e.g., with sewu, cause.

Sewu ve suya ń, ne yi he hifya ve yavi ań.

Because of the rain, we stayed home.

• veń: denotes from a past time: since.

Sa rala veń mona savi ań.

She's been sick since yesterday

• vu: denotes to or at a higher level than something else literally or figuratively, above, over.

Vilo ań he wala vu fulu ań.

The bird flew over the forest.

• yaso: denotes on or toward the exterior of: outside.

Rafe ań yaso yavi ań.

The oven is outside the house.

• yon: denotes change to, toward or at a lower place either literally or figuratively: down (through), down from.

Sa ńeti viʻa yon lufe ań.

He wants to climb down the cliff.

Compound Prepositions

• file ve: denotes exception: apart from, beside, besides, but for, except, save, not to-, -speak of, -mention, other than, outside.

Weń lofa ye ne file ve hum wama.

I have no clothes other than this loincloth.

• fite ve: denotes in exchange for, literally or figuratively: for, (in-, -exchange-, -return-) -for.

Ne feli yaro rufi ve vi fite ve sam rano.

I will give you eight coconuts for that raft.

• funa ve: denotes responsibility: in charge of, with: in charge of.

Sa funa ve tena yi.

He is in charge of the boats.

• nehe ve: denotes done on behalf of, for the benefit, sake, or interest of someone: for.

ʻEna ne yi fońya hole tane yuń nehe ve inlu ań.

Let's cook supper for the family.

• sena ve: denotes to or on the side of a person or thing toward the north when facing the rising sun: left, on-, to-, -the left.

Neye ań he ńiru sena ve wana sa.

The girl stood to the left of her father.

• sewu ve: denotes causality: because of, at, by, for, in, of, on account of, by reason of, in consequence of, as a result of, out of, owing-, due -to, from, through, under, with.

Tańwa ń he tina sewu ve hetata ń huse ań.

The boy fell down under the weight of the burden.

• tańsi ve: denotes the position of the body with the front toward the object: facing.

Fowe ań he ńiru tańsi ve savi ań:

The people stood facing the sun.

• usa ve: denotes with respect or regard to: concerning, in/with regard to, with respect to, regarding, as regards, about, with, on, for, in.

Ne vańa usa ve rala n vi.

I know about your illness.

• uvuń ve: denotes in a parallel direction: along, alongside of.

Vina neye ań he fura uvuń ve nayu ań.

The little girl walked along the river.

• vawa ve: denotes posterior to in time or space: after, around, behind, beyond, by, on the other side of, outside, past, following.

Ne he vonńa vawa ve ya ń.

After eating I fell asleep.

Fowe ań he soʻi iso rune ań.

The people returned after the fire.

• wańa ve: denotes in place of, replacement or preference: instead of, for, in lieu of, rather than: .

Wińa sa he feli rińo yuń ve sa wańa ve simne yuń.

His mother gave him an apple instead of a pear.

• wema ve: denotes the middle: middle of.

Vali yi wema ve yula ń.

The islands are in the middle of the ocean.

• wila ve: denotes the manner, method, way by which something is done: with, through, in.

Waʻa ń he vańra seʻi yi wila ve laya tosa.

The man harvested the papayas with a great effort.

• woro ve: denotes anterior to in time or space: before, in front of, ahead of, against, in advance of.

Fara ń fe tuya woro ve yavi ań.

The baby is playing in front of the house.

• yatu ve: denotes to or on the side of a person or thing toward the south when facing the rising sun: right, on, to-, -the right of.

Vi witi rafe ań yatu ve yavi ań.

You'll see the oven to the right of the house.

Valware grammar