Tëxaië

Tëxaië is a constructed language, created by Macy Sinrich, a 16-year-old student in Cherry Hill, New Jersey in 2019.

Phonology

Tëxaië has an extremely large phonemic inventory, with 76 consonants, 12 vowels, 7 diphthongs, and 3 triphthongs. Like many Ethiopian Semitic, Northwest caucasian, Quechuan, Athabaskan, Cushitic, and Nguni languages, Tëxaië is rich in ejectives accompanying its plosive and affricate consonants.

Consonants

		Bilabial		Labio- dental	Dental	Alveolar		Post- alveolar	Palatal	Velar		Labio- velar	Uvular		Pharyngeal	Glottal
		plain	pal.			plain	lat.			plain	lab.		plain	lab.
Nasal		m m̥	mʲ			n n̥			ɲ	ŋ ŋ̊
Prenasalized stop		mb				nd				ŋg
Plosive	plain	p b	pʲ bʲ			t d			c ɟ	k g	kʷ gʷ		q ɢ	qʷ ɢʷ		ʔ
	ejective]	pʼ				tʼ			cʼ	kʼ	kʷʼ		qʼ
Affricate	plain				t̪͡θ d̪͡ð	t͡s d͡z	t͡ɬ	t͡ʃ d͡ʒ		k͡x			q͡χ
	ejective				t̪͡θʼ	t͡sʼ	t͡ɬʼ	t͡ʃʼ		k͡xʼ
Fricative				f v	θ ð	s z	ɬ ɮ	ʃ ʒ	ç	x ɣ	xʷ ɣʷ		χ	χʷ	ħ	h
Approximant						ɹ	l		j		ʍ	w			ʕ
Tap/flap						ɾ
Trill						r							ʀ

Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i • iː		u • uː
Close-mid	e • eː		o • oː
Mid		ə
Open-mid	ɛ
Open	a • aː
Diphthongs	eɪ   aɪ   aʊ   eʊ   ia   iə   ua
Triphthongs	eɪə   aɪə   aʊə

Writing System

Alphabet

Tëxaië is written using its own alphabet, Totëxaië. The Totëxaië alphabet consists of 52 letters. Tëxaië uses a writing system derived from Greek, Cyrillic, Coptic, Phoenician, and Hebrew. With the addition of a number of letters that have their origins in, the Runic, Aramaic, Cherokee, and Latin alphabet.

Letter	Name	Romanisation	IPA
Ⲁ ⲁ	Ⲁ	a	/ä/
Б б	Бε	be	/b/
Ꝩ ꝩ	Ꝩε	ve	/v/
ג	גε	ge	/ɡ/
Δ δ	Δε	de	/d/
Ⲇ ⲇ	Ⲇe	dhe	/ð/
E ε	E	e	/ɛ/
Ƣ ƣ	Ƣe	xe	/ɣ/
Ꝛ ꝛ	ꝛɛ	re	/ɹ/
O o	O	o	/o/
И и	И	ī	/i/
𐡉	𐡉e	ya	/j/
К к	Кⲁ	ka	/k/
L l	El	el	/l/
ʎ ⅄	⅄	ey	/e/
Ⲙ ⲙ	Eⲙ	em	/m/
Ⲛ ⲛ	Eⲛ	en	/n/
Ӈ ӈ	Eӈ	eng	/ŋ/
Ñ ñ	Eñe	eñe	/ɲ/
U υ	U	u	/u/
פ	פε	pe	/p/
Ф ф	Фe	fe	/f/
𐌘	𐌘ⲁ	qa	/q/
Γ г	Γⲁ	ǥa	/ɢ/
Ρ ρ	Ρe	tte	/ɾ/
P p	Pʎ	rrey	/r/
Σ ς	Eς	es	/s/
T t	Tε	te	/t/
𐩻	𐩻ⲁ	tha	/θ/
W ω	Wⲁ	ša	/ʃ/
1	1ⲁ	ča	/t͡ʃ/
Q q	Qⲁ	tja	/c/
Ц ц	Цⲁ	tsa	/t͡s/
J j	Jⲁ	ja	/d͡ʒ/
γ	γⲁ	dja	/ɟ/
𐌆	𐌆ⲁ	dza	/d͡z/
Ⱶ ⱶ	Ⱶⲁ	ha	/h/
Ϧ ϧ	Ϧⲁ	kha	/x/
Χ χ	Χⲁ	cha	/ç/
Y y	Yⲁ	wa	/w/
З з	Зe	ze	/z/
Ƨ ƨ	Ƨⲁ	ža	/ʒ/
7	7	'	/ʔ/
Ꮭ ꮭ	Ꮭⲁ	tla	/t͡ɬ/
Л л	Ëл	ëdl	/t͡ʃʰ/
𐍈 ƕ	𐍈ⲁ	hwa	/ʍ/
Ë ë	Ë	ë	/ə/
𐌇	ⲁ	ḥa	/ħ/
ሠ	ሠⲁ	hla	/ɬ/
𐌏	eⲛ	ʿen	/ʕ/
Ʀ ʀ	Ʀⲁ	ǧa	/ʀ/
ך	ךⲁ	x̂a	/χ/

Grammar

Morphology

Tëxaië is a synthetic , fusional language in the terminology of linguistic typology. In more traditional terminology, it is an inflected language, but typologists are apt to say "inflecting". Words include an objective semantic element and markers specifying the grammatical use of the word.

The grammatical function can be changed by changing the markers: the word is "inflected" to express different grammatical functions, but the semantic element usually does not change. (Inflection uses affixing and infixing. Affixing is prefixing and suffixing. Inflections are never prefixed.) The inflections express gender, number, and case in adjectives, nouns, and pronouns, a process called declension. Markers are also attached to fixed stems of verbs, to denote person, number, tense, voice, mood, and aspect, a process called "grammatical conjugation. Some words are uninflected and undergo neither process, such as adverbs, prepositions, and interjections.

Nouns

A regular noun belongs to one of five main declensions, a group of nouns with similar inflected forms. The declensions are identified by the genitive singular form of the noun. The first declension is signified by the genitive singular ending. The second declension is signified by the genitive singular ending. The third declension is signified by the genitive singular ending. The fourth declension is signified by the genitive singular ending. The fifth declension is signified by the genitive singular. There are seven noun cases, which also apply to adjectives and pronouns and mark a noun's syntactic role in the sentence by means of inflections. Thus, the word order is

1. Nominative – used when the noun is the subject or a predicate nominative. The thing or person acting.
2. Accusative — used when the noun is the direct object of the subject and as the object of a preposition demonstrating place to which.
3. Dative – used when the noun is the indirect object of the sentence, with special verbs, with certain prepositions, and if it is used as agent, reference, or even possessor.
4. Ablative – used when the noun demonstrates separation or movement from a source, cause, agent or instrument or when the noun is used as the object of certain prepositions; adverbial.
5. Genitive – used when the noun is the possessor of or connected with an object: "the horse of the man", or "the man's horse"; in both instances, the word man would be in the genitive case. It also indicates the partitive, in which the material is quantified.
6. Vocative – used when the noun is used in a direct address.
7. Instrumental — used when the noun is the instrument or means by or with which the subject achieves or accomplishes an action.

Pronouns

Personal pronouns may be classified by person, number, gender, and case. Tëxaië has three persons (first, second and third) and two numbers (singular and plural); in the third person singular, there are also distinct pronoun forms for male, female and neuter gender. Principal forms are shown in the adjacent table.

Tëxaië personal pronouns have two cases, subject and object. Subject pronouns are used in subject position (I like to eat chips, but she does not). Object pronouns are used for the object of a verb or preposition (John likes me but not her).

• person (1st, 2nd, 3rd person);
• number (singular/plural);
• gender masculine, feminine, neuter, epicene)

Person	Number/Gender		Subject	Object	Determiner	Possessive	Reflexive
First	Singular		Eגo	Μᄉ	Μиⱶи	Μᄉ	Μᄉuⲙ
	Plural		Yᄉ	Συи	Σиби	Σᄉ	Συuς
Second	Singular		ᛏυ		ᛏυи	ᛏиби	ᛏυuⲙ
	Plural						ᛏυuς
Third		Masculine	Иς	⅄𐡉υς	⅄	⅄uⲙ	⅄𐡉υς
		Feminine	⅄𐡉‎ⲁ			⅄𐡉‎ⲁⲙ
		Neuter	Иδ			Иδ
		Epicene	И𐡉ⲁ	⅄𐡉opυⲙ	⅄iς	⅄𐡉ⲁ	⅄𐡉opυⲙ

In addition to the personal pronouns exemplified in the above table, There are also pronoun types, including demonstrative, relative, indefinite, and interrogative pronouns, as listed in the following table. For more detailed discussion, see the following subsections.

Adjectives

There are two types of regular adjectives: first, second- declension and third-declension. They are so-called because their forms are similar or identical to first- and second-declension.

Demonstrative	Relative	Indefinite	Interrogative
Кε	Кyoδ/Кyεⲙ/Кyиuς	Uⲛ / Σꝩⲁ / Σε	Uⲛ / Σꝩⲁ / Σε
ᛏε	Кyи	Nε / Nεꝩⲁ / Nil	Кyи
Δⲁ	Кyⲁl	Nεкᛏⲁ / Noגoⲛ / Nиⲙo	Кyⲁl
Δε	Кyεl	Nεкo / Nεкyo / Nикᛏⲁ

Second and third-declension nouns, respectively. Adjectives also have positive, comparative, and superlative forms.

Tense

There are six general Grammatical tenses (present, imperfect, future, perfect, pluperfect and future perfect), three Grammatical moods (indicative, imperative and subjunctive, in addition to the infinitive, participle, gerund, gerundive and supine), three Grammatical persons (first, second and third), two numbers (singular and plural), two Grammatical voices (active and passive) and two Grammatical aspects (perfective and imperfective). Verbs are described by four principal parts:

1. The first principal part is the first-person singular, present tense, active voice, indicative mood form of the verb. If the verb is impersonal, the first principal part will be in the third-person singular.
2. The second principal part is the present active infinitive.
3. The third principal part is the first-person singular, perfect active indicative form. Like the first principal part, if the verb is impersonal, the third principal part will be in the third-person singular.
4. The fourth principal part is the supine form or the nominative singular of the perfect passive participle form of the verb. The fourth principal part can show one gender of the participle or all 4 genders in the nominative singular. The fourth principal part will be the future participle if the verb cannot be made passive. The fourth principal part is sometimes omitted for intransitive verbs, they can be made passive if they are used impersonally, and the supine exists for such verbs.

Each tense has a set of endings corresponding to the person, number, and voice of the subject. Subject (nominative) pronouns are generally omitted for the first (''I, we'') and second (''you'') persons except for emphasis.

Tëxaië is an SOV language. There are three major levels or gradation of honorific- low, medium and high. A low honorific is used where no respect is due, a medium honorific is used to signify equal status or neutrality and high honorific signifies respect.

Vocabulary

Basic Vocabulary

Meaning	Totëxaië	IPA	Romanization
Earth	Tεpⲁ	tɛrä	Terra
Sky	Oρⲁⲛo	o.ɾäno	Ottano
Wind	ꝩεⲛδ	vɛnd	Vend
Water	Ⲁкyⲉ	äkʷə	Akwë
Fire	Иגⲛиς	i.gnis	Īgnis
Man	Yиρo	wi.ɾo	Wītto
Woman	Фεⲙиⲛⲁ	fɛminä	Femīna
Mom	Μⲁⲙⲁ	mämä	Mama
Dad	פⲁפⲁ	päpä	Papa
Sister	Σopop	soror	Sorrorr
Brother	Фpⲁyɛp	frätɛr	Frraterr
Eat	Лⲁ	ɮä	Dla
Drink	Νⲁפⲁ	nä.pä	Napa
Great	Μⲁגⲛo	mä.gno	Magno
Ethnicity	E𐩻ⲛoς	ɛθ.nos	Ethnos
House	Кⲁςⲁ	kasa	Kasa
Night	Ⲛиχt	niçt	Nīcht
Day	Δεג	dɛg	Deg
Sun	Σolⲁ	so.lä	Sola
Moon	Lυⲛⲁ	lu.na	Luna
Star	Σtεlⲁ	stɛlä	Stela
Good	Бoⲛⲁ	bo.nä	Bona
Bad	Μⲁlⲁ	mälä	Mala
Old	Ⱶεl	hɛl	Hel
New	Ⲛoꝩⲁ	no.vä	Nova
Go	גo	go	Go
Stop	Σtoפʼ	stopʼ	Stopʼ
Yes	Δⲁ	dä	Da
No	Lo	lo	Lo
Ok	Oкʎ	o.keɪ	Okey
Love	Ⲁⲙop	ämor	Amorr
Hate	Ⱶᄉᛏ	heɪt	Heyt

Colors

Colors
Totëxaië	Meaning	IPA	Romanization
Oϧρⲁ	red	oxɾä	Okhtta
Nⲁρⲁñⲉ	orange	näɾäɲə	Nattañë
Opפиⲙεⲛt	yellow	orpimɛnt	Orrpīment
Ⲙⲁlⲁχиtⲁ	green	mäläçitä	Malachīta
Lⲁפизⲁ	blue	läpizä	Lapīza
Iⲛδиⲁ	indigo	indiä	īndīa
Ⲙⲁӈגⲁⲛεςиⲉ	purple	mäŋgänɛsiə	Mangganesië
Кυlⲁ	black	kulä	Kula
Кⲁlкиtⲉ	white	käɫkitə	Kalkitë
גρⲁi	grey	gɾaɪ	Gttai
Tυρкyⲁςиⲉ	turquoise	tuɾkʷäsiə	Tuttkwasīë
Poςⲁ	pink	ro.sä	Rrosa

Numerals

Cardinal numerals
Totëxaië	Meaning	IPA	Romanization
Uⲛи	one	u.ni	Unī
Δyo	two	dwo	Dwo
Tρε𐡉ες	three	tɾɛ.jɛs	Ttteyyes
КyεTyoρ	four	kʷɛ.twoɾ	Kwetwott
פεⲛкyⲉ	five	pɛnkʷə	Penkwë
Σεкς	six	sɛ.ks	Seks
Σεפtεⲙ	seven	sɛptɛm	Septem
Ⲁкto	eight	ä.kto	Akto
Νεyo	nine	nɛ.wo	Newo
Δεкεⲙ	ten	dɛ.kɛm	Dekem
פεⲛкyⲉδεкεⲙ	fifthy	pɛnkʷədɛ.kɛm	Penkwëdekem
Δɛкⲉδεкεⲙ	one hundred	dɛkədɛkɛm	Dekëdekem
Μиlиo	thousand	mi.ljo	Milio

Ordinal numerals
Totëxaië	Meaning	IPA	Romanization
פρotⲁpⲁ	first	pɾotara	Prrotatta
Δυtⲁρⲁ	second	dutäɾä	Dutatta
TρиTo	third	tɾito	Tttīto
Кyεtyop7to	fourth	kʷɛ.tworto	Kwetworrto
פεⲛкyⲉto	fifth	pɛnkʷəto	Penkwëto
Σεкςto	sixth	sɛ.ksto	Seksto
Σεפtεⲙto	seventh	sɛptɛmto	Septemto
Ⲁкtoto	eighth	ä.ktoto	Aktoto
Νεyoto	ninth	nɛ.woto	Newoto
Δεкⲁto	tenth	dɛ.kato	Dekato
פεⲛкyⲉδεкεⲙto	fifthieth	pɛnkʷədɛ.kɛmto	Penkwëdekemto
Δɛкⲉδεкεⲙto	one hundredth	dɛkədɛkɛmto	Dekëdekemto
Μиlиoto	one thousandth	mi.ljoto	Mīlīoto

Days of the Week

Meaning	Totëxaië	IPA	Romanization
Sunday	Δиⲁδεג	diädɛg	Dīadeg
Monday	Δyoιδεג	dwoɪdɛg	Dwoideg
Tuesday	Ⲁⲙ𐡉υςⲁδεג	ämʲusädɛg	Amjusadeg
Wednesday	Μиγⲁδεג	miɟädɛg	Mīdjadeg
Thursday	פεⲛкyoиδεג	pɛnkʷodɛg	Penkwodeg
Friday	Σбⲁᛏикⲁ	sabätikä	Sabatika
Saturday	Δopⲙⲁδεג	dormädɛg	Dorrmadeg