Lakankimo Luge
Lakankimo Luge is an engelang by Yuriy B. translated by Rgj40q. Originally published there.
Phonetics and morphology
Each morpheme may take from zero to two actants: (), (A), (A, B). The return value of the morpheme may be either a meaning of morpheme itself: M(), M(A), M(A, B), or a participle: 'A so that M is done over it', let us define it as A(A), A(B), A(A, B), B(A), (A, B).
A morpheme has the structure (C)vC(v), where vowels are responsible for coordination.
| M() = CaC | ||
| M(A) = CeC | A(A) = CuCe | B(A) = CiCe |
| M(B) = CiCa | A(B) = CuCa | |
| M(A, B) = CoC | A(A, B) = CuCo | B(A, B) = CiCo |
Schemes of morpheme vocalizations: notice the absence of scheme B(B), the vocalization CiCa performs the function of M(B)!
Spaces have no phonological meaning, the speech is unequivocally divided into morphemes without the aid of spaces. The speaker may pause anywhere, either by speaking each morpheme as a separate word, or by combining whole expressions into one phonetic word.
In the case of combining several morphemes into one phonetic word, if any of the morphemes has vowels E/O, the stress falls on these vowels. That facilitates the pronunciation for the speakers of those languages in which there are no unstressed E/O.
The vowel E can be pronounced both as [e] and [ɛ]. If you are not able to pronounce the unstressed E/O without a reduction, you may not use two such vowels in one phonetic word, you should divide such a word into several and pronounce each with a separate stress. If there are no E/O vowels, the stress falls on the morpheme carrying the logical stress.
The vowels E, O, A are in the ending if the previous vowel is I or U (schemes C(u/i)C(a/e/o)). Vowels E, O, A are in root otherwise (schemes CaC, CeC, CiC).
The beginning of the morpheme can be zero, single consonant, or a group of consonants. The end of a morpheme always consists of a single consonant.
The last consonant does not distinguish phonological voicing, which facilitates the pronunciation for speakers of languages in which the end of a syllable is assimilated by voicing to the next consonant or space.
If a cluster of consonants follows the E, O, A in root, then its first consonant refers to the previous morpheme. This consonant can be assimilated by voicing to the next.
At the beginning of the morpheme, the absence of consonants is permissible. At the beginning of the morpheme, a cluster of consonants is permissible. Voiced fricative consonants in this cluster may not be near unvoiced consonants. The cluster obeys the law of ascending sonority: fricative -> plosive -> approximant.
Syntax
Standard word order is SOV.
mam ram mol - mother(1) washes(3) the window(2) mam mel - mother washes ram mila - the window is washed mal - to wash
Depending on the presence of actants, the verb takes the vocalizations CoC = M(A, B), CeC = M(A), CiCa = M(B), CaC = M(). Nouns do not accept actants with a vocalization of CaC = M().
The auxiliary morpheme (v)S(v) takes a verb without a subject as the first parameter, and a noun as the second parameter; it returns an action equipped with a subject. Vocalization is oS = M(A, B). Using this morpheme, the subject can be put after the verb:
ram mila mamOS - the window is washed by mother mal mamOS - to be washed by mother
The morpheme (v)M(v) does the same with the object:
mam mel ramOM - mother washes the window mal ramOM - to wash the window mal mamOS ramOM - mother(2) washes(1) the window(3) mal ramOM mamOS - mother(3) washes(1) the window(2)
