Siye Dialects
None of the dialects participate in the recent (2246) voicing changes of Standard Siye
Siye (Susu)
The dialect of Siye dismissively known as Susu has as its principal feature the collapse of the affricates into the fricatives. This creates surprisingly few problems, so much so that some broad-minded Simayamka consider Susu 'barely a dialect' (a compliment). The main grammatical feature of Susu is the replacement of the directional suffix /tu/ [su], now homophonous with the directional suffix /su/ [su], with /sa/ [sa].
| Examples | Meaning | Standard Spelling | Standard Pronunciation | Susu Pronunciation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| fortress | /kilu/ | [ʧʰi.lu] | [ʃi.lu] | |
| hudzu-priest | /kutum/ | [xu.dzʊⁿ] | [xu.sʊⁿ] | |
| wisemen | /pimuyamka/ | [tçʰi.mu.jæⁿ.ka] | [çi.mu.jæⁿ.ka] |
| Cases | Case Number | Case Suffix | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | 1, 1a | -0 | |
| Absolutive | 1, 1b | -0 | |
| Accusative | 2 | -a, -ha, -0 | |
| Ergative | 3 | -ya, -na | |
| Genitive | 4 | -ne, (etym.) -e | |
| Possessive | 5 | -me | |
| Ablative | 6 | -sum | |
| Locative | 7 | -kem | |
| Allative-Dative | 8 | -su | from Siye -su, -tu |
| Instrumental | 10 | -ʃi | from Siye -ki |
| Comitative | 13 | -ni | |
| Adverbial | 11 | -ku | |
| Equative | 12 | -pu | |
| Animate Instrumental | 14 | -neʃi | |
| Elative | 15 | -nemsum | |
| Inessive | 16 | -nemʃim | |
| Illative | 17 | -nemsu | |
| Abessive | 18 | -neto | |
| Causal | 19 | -neya |
| General Directionals | Abbreviation | Meaning | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| -[ʃi]- | DIR.STAT | in place | |
| -[na]- | DIR.SUPER | up | |
| -[nu]- | DIR.SUB | down | |
| -[su]- | DIR.ABL | away from | |
| -[sa]- | DIR.ALL | towards | Replaces -[su]- from Siye -[tsu]- |
Siye (Tsishi)
The Tsishi dialect features the coalescence of the high vowels and the creation of new phonemes from allophones.
| Examples | Meaning | Standard Spelling | Standard Pronunciation | Tsishi Pronunciation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| town, city | /lusili/ | [lu.ʃi.li] | [li.ʃi.ʎi] | |
| lustful(ly) | /omnuni/ | [ɔⁿ.nu.ni] | [ɔⁿ.nu.ɲi] |
| Cases | Case Number | Case Suffix | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | 1, 1a | -0 | |
| Absolutive | 1, 1b | -0 | |
| Accusative | 2 | -[a], -0 | from Tide -ŋa |
| Ergative | 3 | -[ja], -[na] | from Tide -ɲa, Thide -sa |
| Genitive | 4 | -[ne] | from Tide -ŋë, Thide -kë |
| Possessive | 5 | -[me] | possibly from Tide definite pronoun /me/, Thide /me/ |
| Ablative | 6 | -[sɪⁿ] | from Siye -sum |
| Locative | 7 | -[kɛⁿ] | from Tide -këŋ |
| Allative-Dative | 8 | -[si] | from Siye -su |
| Dative-Benefactive | 9 | -[tsu] | from Siye -tu |
| Instrumental | 10 | -[tʃi] | from Siye -ki |
| Comitative | 13 | -[ɲi] | from Siye -ni |
| Adverbial | 11 | -[xi] | from Siye -ku |
| Equative | 12 | -[ɸi] | from Siye -pu |
| Animate Instrumental | 14 | -[netʃi] | from Siye -ne + eki, instrumental postposition from instrumental case of inanimate pronoun 'e' |
| Elative | 15 | -[nɛⁿsɪⁿ] | from Siye -ne + emsum, analogical ablative of emtu 'inner' from emtu 'innards' |
| Inessive | 16 | -[nɛⁿʃɪⁿ] | from Siye -ne + emkim, analogical locative of emtu 'inner' from emtu 'innards' |
| Illative | 17 | -[nɛⁿsi] | from Siye -ne + emtu, locative postposition 'inner' from emtu "innards" |
| Abessive | 18 | -[neto] | from Siye -ne + to "without", from Thide tʰo "absence" |
| General Directionals | Abbreviation | Meaning | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| -[tʃi]- | DIR.STAT | in place | |
| -[na]- | DIR.SUPER | up | |
| -[ni]- | DIR.SUB | down | |
| -[si]- | DIR.ABL | away from | |
| -[tsi]- | DIR.ALL | towards |
Changes in Tsishi
Recent (2250) changes in the Tsishi dialect have produced geminate consonants and closed oral syllables.
ʧ > ʃʃ [-ʃʃi] INS vs [-ʃi] INCL
ʦ > ss [-ssi] DAT vs [-si] ALL vs [-s◌̃ɪ] ABL
ʎ > ll [ʃilli] 'house', [ʧili] 'fort' [liʃillisi] 'to the town'
ɲ > nn [-nni] COM [-ni] DIR.SUB
Siye (Tsushi)
Tsushi is a newly (2250) recorded dialect or sub-dialect of Tsishi. Hypercorrection of the consonants preceding Tsishi i < u, i has resulted in:
[xi] for /ki/ [tʃi]
[ɸi] for initial /pi/ [tç]
[ʃu] for non-initial /pu/ [ɸu]
[si] for /si/ [ʃi]
Ye
Ye has two variations, Rural and Urban.
| Cases | Case Number | Case Suffix | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative-Absolutive | 1, 1a | -0 | |
| Accusative | 2 | -[ɔ] | |
| Ergative | 3 | -[nɔ] | |
| Vocative | 20 | -[i] | |
| Genitive | 4 | -[ne] | |
| Possessive | 5 | -[me] | |
| Ablative | 6 | -[◌̃ɛ], -0 | |
| Locative | 7 | -[k◌̃æ] | |
| Allative-Dative | (8) 9 | -[θi] | |
| Instrumental | 10 | -[xi] | |
| Comitative | 13 | -[ni] | |
| Elative | 15 | -[k◌̃ɛ] | LOC + ABL |
| Inessive | 16 | -[k◌̃æxi] | LOC + LOC |
| Illative | 17 | -[k◌̃æθi] | LOC + ALL |
| Abessive | 18 | -[nito] | COM + to |
| General Directionals | Abbreviation | Meaning | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| -[xi]- | DIR.STAT | in place | |
| -[nɔ]- | DIR.SUPER | up | |
| -[ni]- | DIR.SUB | down | Older [ny] |
| -[i]-, -[0]- | DIR.ABL | away from | Older [y], [hy]; Ye absence of Directional implies DIR.ABL |
| -[θi]- | DIR.ALL | towards | Older [θy] |
| PAM Suffixes | Abbreviation | Aspect | Polarity | Mood | Notes | Early Siye |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| -[mɔ]- | IPFV.POS.RLS (PAM1, P1) | Imperfective | Positive | Realis | -mea- | |
| -[nɔ]- | PFV.POS.RLS (PAM2, P2) | Perfective | Positive | Realis | -nea- | |
| -[me]- | IPFV.POS.IRLS (PAM3, P3) | Imperfective | Positive | Irrealis | -me- | |
| -[ne]- | PFV.POS.RLS (PAM4, P4) | Perfective | Positive | Irrealis | -ne- | |
| -[mɔ:]- | IPFV.POS.RLS (PAM5, P5) | Imperfective | Negative | Realis | -meau- | |
| -[nɔ:]- | PFV.POS.RLS (PAM6, P6) | Perfective | Negative | Realis | -neau- | |
| -[me:]- | IPFV.POS.IRLS (PAM7, P7) | Imperfective | Negative | Irrealis | Subjunctive | -meu- |
| -[ne:]- | PFV.POS.IRLS (PAM8, P8) | Perfective | Negative | Irrealis | Contrafactual | -neu- |
1. The fricatives coalesce into h: s, ɸ, ʃ , x > h.
2. The affricates become fricatives: tʃ, ts, tç > ʃ, s, ç
3. The Great Ye Vowel Shift; ɛⁿ > æⁿ, ɑ > ɔ, æⁿ > ɪɘⁿ, Cæⁿ > Cjɘⁿ, ɔⁿ > ɒⁿ, u > y, ʌⁿ > ɛⁿ
4. The semi-vowels and h disappear, precipitating a round of vowel dominance contraction: h, w, j > 0
5. The remaining fricatives increase distance from one another: ʃ, s, ç > x, θ, s
6. y > i
| Examples | Meaning | Standard Spelling | Standard Pronunciation | Susu Pronunciation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| fortress | /kilu/ | [ʧʰi.lu] | [ʃi.lu] |
/kiwa/ 'red' Standard [ʧʰi.ʋɑ], Rural Ye [xɔ:]
/eleyemputsuma/, Standard [e.le.jɛⁿ.ɸu.tsu.mɑ], Rural Ye [e.lɛⁿ:.ʔy.θy.mɔ]
/kilusu/ 'towards the fortress' Standard [ʧʰi.lu.su]
/kamsutu/ 'cloak', Standard [kæⁿ.su.tsu]
/pitake/ 'beast', Standard [tçʰi.tɑ.ke], Rural Ye [si.tɔ.ke]
ɛⁿ > æⁿ /-kem/ loc., Standard [gɛⁿ], Rural Ye [gæⁿ]
ɑ > ɔ /pala/ 'what?', Standard/Urban Ye [pɑ.lɑ], Rural Ye [pɔ.lɔ]
æⁿ > ɪɘⁿ Mostly found in local words of pre-Siye origin - Rural Ye /ansa/ 'Martian duck' [ɪɘⁿ.sjɘⁿ]
Cæⁿ > Cjɘⁿ /kamsutu/ 'cloak', Standard [kæⁿ.su.tsu], Rural Ye [kʰjɘⁿ.y.θy]
ɔⁿ > ɒⁿ /omnum/ 'ecstasy', Standard [ɔⁿ.nʌⁿ], Rural Ye [ɒⁿ.nɛⁿ]
u > y /kilu/ 'towards the fortress', Standard [ʧʰi.lu.su], Rural Ye [xi.ly:]
ʌⁿ > ɛⁿ /omnum/ 'ecstasy', Standard [ɔⁿ.nʌⁿ], Rural Ye [ɒⁿ.nɛⁿ]
y > i
