Proto-Cardial

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Proto-Huamish is the reconstructed common ancestor of the Huamish languages. It is estimated to have been spoken around 5.500 BC.

Phonology

Consonants

  Labial Dental Sibilants Palatal Velar Glottal
Front Back
Stops and
affricates
"Emphatic" *pʰ *tʰ *(tʃ) *(tʃ)   *kʰ  
Fortis *p *t *ts *(tʃ)   *k  
Lenis *b *d *dz *(tʃ)   *g  
Fricatives Fortis *f   *s *(ʃ)   *x *h
Lenis     *z *(ʃ)      
Nasals *m *n          
Laterals Fortis            
Lenis   *l          
Rhotics Fortis   *r          
Lenis            
Semivowels *w       *j    

Emphatic Stops

The exact quality of "emphatic stops" is difficult to determine. For a time it was proposed to give ejective values, but the later comparison of cognates with Kartvelian and Tommian, does not show correspondences.

Apparently the Macro-Kartvelian ejectives evolved to voiceless stops, and the "emphatic stops" that reconstructed for Proto-Huamish are a later development to avoid the loss of the final consonants after the vowel readjustment.

In the descendant languages there are no remains of "emphatic", but they show different reflexes depending on the language.

The matter of "ʃ" and "tʃ"

It seems that the readjustment of vowels caused the sibilants to palatizate in final position so as not to get lost and these words acquired a diminutive sense. The words that did not adopt a diminutive meaning, reversed the change becoming * z < *ʃ and * ts < *tʃ.

Vowels

  Front Central Back
High *i   *u
Mid *e *o
Low   *a  

The middle vowel reflexes

The *ə phoneme is marginal and seems to be the cause of vowel readjustment. In the different groups it has the following reflexes:

IPA North-West North-Central Central-West Central-Central Central-East South-Central South-east
*o > *u *e *u *e > *∅ *e *u *a

Morphology

Noun and adjective declension

Case Singular Plural Indefinite
Nominative *-(a) *-n(a) *-r(a)
Vocative *-fo *-no *-ro
Ergative *-m(a) *-tʰ(a) *-pəm(a)
Dative-Genitive *-z(a) *-pədz(a) *-xəz(a)
Instrumental *-ts(a) *-pəts(a) *-xəts(a)
Locative *-x(a) *-pəx(a) *-xə
Adverbial *-t(a) *-pət(a) *-xət(a)
Invertive *-u(a) *-bu(a) *-xu(a)

Numerals

  Cardinal Ordinal
1 *ərtʰu *pʰiru
2 *ju *juru
3 *sum *sumuru
4 *ja *jaru
5 *hustʰu *hustʰuru
6 *sam *samru
7 *samtʰu *samtʰuru
8 *jo *joru
9 *tʰusa *tʰusaru
10 *hastʰu *hastʰuru
100 *əz *əzuru

Clearly can see the lack of numerals, and at a glance you can reconstruct values for a previous system. It is as if the first speakers had arrived in the peninsula with a poor number system and developed a larger one later.

Proto-system?

  Cardinal
1/2 (half) *hw-(ər)tʰu
1 *pʰi
2 *ju
3 *sum
4 *hus
5 *iz
10 *sa

they are formed duals by apophony

Verbs

The structure of the polysynthetic verb is:

Pronouns

The following pronouns can be reconstructed as suffixes for the verbs.

Personal pronouns

Only has two persons, the rest are named as a demonstrative pronoun according to the distance of the subject or object.

  Singular Plural
1st person Exclusive *me *tsi
Inclusive *na
2nd person Familiar *zi *zin
Polite *si *tʰi

A differentiation is presupposed as "polite" and "familiar" for Proto-Huamish, but no descendant language shows this differentiation although depending on the group loses one of these two pronouns.

Demonstrative pronouns

Some linguists include them in the system of personal pronouns, but to avoid an uncomfortable system of five grammatical persons, they separate. They also show the declination characteristics for an indefinite number, used as an interrogative.

  Singular Plural Indefinite/Interrogative
"Person" "It" *he *hen *ma
"Thing" "This" *hi *hin *su
"That" *xa *xan *sa

What is referred to as "person" or "thing" is no more than an adaptation to the English language this differentiation only exists in Proto-huamish for the interrogatives as "Who" (Person) and "What" (Thing).