Proto-Cardial
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Proto-Huamish is the reconstructed common ancestor of the Huamishlanguages. It is estimated to have been spoken around 5.500 BC.
Phonology
Consonants
| Labial | Dental | Sibilants | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Front | Back | |||||||
| Stops and affricates |
"Emphatic" | *pʰ | *tʰ | *(tʃ) | *(tʃ) | *kʰ | ||
| Fortis | *p | *t | *ts | *(tʃ) | *k | |||
| Lenis | *b | *d | *dz | *(tʃ) | *g | |||
| Fricatives | Fortis | *f | *s | *(ʃ) | *x | *h | ||
| Lenis | *z | *(ʃ) | ||||||
| Nasals | *m | *n | ||||||
| Laterals | Fortis | *ɫ | ||||||
| Lenis | *l | |||||||
| Rhotics | Fortis | *r | ||||||
| Lenis | *ɾ | |||||||
| Semivowels | *w | *j | ||||||
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | *i | *u | |
| Mid | *e | *ə | *o |
| Low | *a |
Morphology
Declension of an animate noun
Example: *xnara 'man'
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| Agentive | *xnara | *xnarax | *xnaras |
| Objective | *xnaram | *xnarax | *xnaras |
| Genitive | *xnarasa | *xnarawsa | *xnarajsa |
| Partitive | *xnarala | *xnarawla | *xnarajla |
| Dative | *xnarana | *xnarawna | *xnarajna |
When the noun ends in
Verb
The structure of the polysynthetic verb is:
| Person | Mood | Tense/Aspect | STEM | Antipassive | Plural | (Ergative enclitic) |
"Person" and "Plural"
Pronouns
The following pronouns can be reconstructed as suffixes for the verbs.
| Singular | Plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st person | Exclusive | *ki | *kintla |
| Inclusive | *wa [*] | *wantla | |
| 2nd person | Familiar | *ne | *nentla |
| Polite | *ga | *gantla | |
| 3rd person | Masculine | *3o | *3otla |
| Feminine | *ma | *matla | |
| Demonstrative | "This" | *taw | *tatla |
| "That" | *tsar | *tsatla | |
| Interrogative | "Who" | *se | *setla |
| "What" | *so | *sotla | |
[*] *wa is of course dual 'Thou and I', not singular; however, it is used with 1st person singular verb forms.
