User:Masako/sandbox
pa'a
| na'o | ta'o | ha'o | |
|---|---|---|---|
| plosive pana (rain) |
pa | ta | ka |
| nasal maua (flower) |
ma | na | nya |
| affricate tlatsa (fire) |
tsa | tla | |
| continuant honu (turtle) |
sa | ha | la |
| semivowel yasa (wind) |
ua | ya | a |
noun phrases
The basic noun phrase in Kala is PREPOSITION DETERMINER RELATIVE-CLAUSE NOUN DESCRIPTIVE-VERB. Depending on context, this is fairly predominant with a few exceptions
- opinion-size-age-shape-color-origin-material-purpose Noun
ukum
| Kala | number | English | ordinal | multiple | fractional |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| na'o | 1 | one | kina'o first |
tina'o once |
- |
| ueta'o | 12 | twelve | kiueta'o twelfth |
tiueta'o twelve times |
iueta'o a twelfth |
| yauema'o yama'o |
54 | fifty four | kiyama'o fifty fourth |
tiyama'o 54 times |
iyama'o a fifty fourth |
| nyetsa'o | 106 | one hundred (and) six | kinyetsa'o 106th |
tinyetsa'o 106 times |
inyetsa'o a 106th |
| katle'o | 7000 | seven thousand | kikatle'o seven thousandth |
tikatle'o 7000 times |
ikatle'o 1/7000 |
conjunctions
akana.conlang.org/wiki/C%C9%99ss%C4%B1n#Conjunctions
| Coordinating conjunctions | |
|---|---|
| ma | used to link nouns |
| ku | used to link clauses and phrases |
| na'o | 1 |
| na'o | 1 |
| na'o | 1 |
pi - although; even though; even if ku - and; also; too; as well [CONJ] {clause level] ma / -m / -lo - and; also; too; as well [CONJ] ehe [me] - but; yet; however impo - therefore; as a result; so; consequently; thus ua - or; either ue - either X or Y uenke [uek] - neither X nor Y yatli - if X then Y yema - both X and Y
genitive
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | nai | kai |
| 2 | tai | ai |
| 3 | lai | mai |
{{col-begin}} {{col-break}} {{col-end}}
Derivational morphology
- Noun → adjective: Suffix: -un
- Adjective → noun: Suffix: -iya
- Noun → verb: Suffix: -ek / -ra
- Verb → noun: Suffix: -a / a-
- Verb → adjective: Suffix: -u
- Adjective → adverb: Suffix: -ha / -ak
- One who X's (e.g. paint → painter): Suffix: -in
- Place where (e.g. wine → winery): Suffix: -da
- Diminutive: Suffix: -XX
- Augmentative: Suffix: -XX
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subject/object
| s/o | - | 1s | 2s | 3s | 1p | 2p | 3p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1s | -an | - | -anti | -anu | -anuk | -anut | -anum |
| 2s | -ti | -eyan | - | -eyu | -eyuk | -eyut | -eyum |
| 3s | -u | -ilan | -ati | -ilu | -iluk | -ilut | -ilum |
| 1p | -uk | -ukan | -ukti | -uku | - | -ukut | -ukum |
| 2p | -ut | -utan | -ute | -utu | -utuk | - | -utum |
| 3p | -um | -uman | -umti | -umu | -umuk | -umut | - |
verb conju
| Name | Suffix | Example | English Gloss | Other Examples | English Gloss |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Simple Present | - | bew-an | I bring | ary-an | I see |
| Present Perfect | -eh- | bew-eh-an | I have brought | ||
| Present Obligatory | - | - | I am obliged to bring | - | we are obliged to warn |
| Simple Past | -esh- | bew-esh-an | I brought | - | it was, I viewed |
| Immediate Past | - | - | I just brought | ||
| Past Perfect | - | - | I had brought | ||
| Simple Future | -ur- | beweq-ur-an | I will bring | - | you will find |
| Future Possible | - | - | I may bring | - | they may help |
| Future Perfect | - | - | I will have brought | - | you will have found |
| Future Obligatory | - | - | I will be obliged to bring | - | you will be obliged to find |
word gen kala
C=ptkmnshcxl N=bdg A=aeiou W=12 Y=345 P=pkmnh S=pkmnhsc
c|ts x|tl b|mp d|nt g|nk 1|ua 2|ue 3|ya 4|ye 5|yo tu|ta lu|la
CA CACA CANA CAPY CASW CAW CAY NA NACA NAPY NASW NAW NAY PY PYCA PYNA PYSW SW SWCA SWNA SWPY WCA WNA YCA YNA
hangul
However, Hangul is the primary script for Kala and is used in this grammar description, therefore, what follows is a cursory explanation of how Hangul is adapted for Kala.
tense
| present | past | future | |
|---|---|---|---|
| simple | -e | -i | -o |
| perfect | -le | -li | -lo |
| obligatory | -se | -so | |
| immediate | -ib | ||
| possible | -go |
case
| man - amul | singular | dual | plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | amul man |
mulik the (two) men |
mulim the men |
| accusative | mulwa man |
mulikwa (two) men |
mulimwa men |
| genitive | mulya man's |
mulikai (two) men's |
mulimya men's |
| dative | bimul to [a/the] man |
bimulik to [the] (two) men |
bimulim to [the] men |
| locative | muleda in/at/by [the/a] man |
mulikeda in/at/by [the] (two) men |
mulimda in/at/by [the] men |
| ablative | mulesha from/off of [the/a] man |
muliksha from/off of [the] (two) men |
mulimsha from/off of [the] men |
| comitative | mulha with/by/through/using [the/a] man |
mulikha with/by/through/using [the] (two) men |
mulimak with/by/through/using [the] men |
format
- muku
- /muːˈkʊ/
- knife; blade; weapon; arms
- "sword"
malo
pronouns
- wa- - first person
- ni- - second person
- ko- - third person
plural not marked
verbs
- ta - be; exist
- na - see; look; know
- yema - eat; drink
- ya - have; possess
nouns
- no - eye; sight; vision
- yemo - food; sustenance
evidentiality
| Example | Translation | Evidential |
|---|---|---|
| hi·dawʔaƛwa·d | "I hear he found it" | -wa·t, hearsay |
| pu·pu·q̓adʔi | "he's blowing a whistle" | -q̓adi, auditory |
| č̓apaccaqil | "It looks like a canoe" | -caqił, uncertain visual evidence, as trying to make out something at a distance |
| haʔuk̓aƛpi·dic | "I see you ate" | -pi·t, inference from physical evidence |
| dudu·k̓aƛx̌a·š | "He's probably singing" | -x̌a·-š, inferred probability |
nkalu
| Static | example | Motive | example | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| nahe | inside; within | yetsi ke sala nahe The chair is in the room. |
into | kam ke sala nahelaye We entered the room. |
| nyaue | outside; exterior | ito ke tsaka nyaue The tree is outside the house. |
out of | ya neko ke tsayo nyauemya Take the cat out of the car. |
| ua'e | on; upon; above | tanu ke yempa ua'e The dish is upon the table. |
onto; upon | mita ke topa ua'ela The dog gets onto the bed. |
| kaye | around; surrounding | muana ke kama kaye The city surrounds the city. |
around; about | naka ke kamahi kayela The woman is walking about the village. |
| nahe | inside; within | yetsi ke sala nahe The chair is in the room. |
into | kam ke sala nahelaye We entered the room. |
| 2pl | tlam | etlam | tlami | tlamyo |
| 3pl | tlam | etlam | tlami | tlamyo |
| 4pl | tlam | etlam | tlami | tlamyo |
Morphosyntax
- Simple declarative sentences usually have a subject-object-verb word order, though occasionally adverbs fall outside this paradigm and various particles can free-up word order. Kala has four grammatical persons — first, second, third, and obviative. The third person is used for proximate nouns, while obviates are non-present or demoted in comparison to a third person. Inanimate objects cannot be the proximate third person. Kala is an agglutinative language. It uses various affixes, mostly suffixes, to change the meaning and grammatical function of words.
Nouns are inflected for number.
animacy
All nouns are classified as either animate or inanimate. Generally it is easy to determine whether a noun will be animate, although some inherently inanimate objects such as...
Arguments of verbs are marked with a (patient marker) transitivity prefix/particle which must agree with the animacy of its arguments. Even in stories in which a grammatically inanimate object are markedly anthropomorphized, such as talking flowers, speakers will not use animate agreement markers with them.
verbs
The Kala verbal template contains a stem with several suffixes. The structure of the verb stem in Kala can be roughly broken down into the root, the medial, and the final. The root and final tend to be required elements. In Kala, the category of verb may also include words that would be categorized as adjectives or quantifiers in English.
Examples
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Quotes I like.
Garak
- I always hope for the best. Experience, unfortunately, has taught me to expect the worst.
- Never let sentiment get in the way of your work.
- The truth is usually just an excuse for lack of imagination.
- Lying is a skill like any other. And if you want to maintain a level of excellence, you have to practice constantly.
Picard
- No being is so important that he can usurp the rights of another.
- It is possible to commit no mistakes and still lose. That is not a weakness; that is life.
- Seize the time... Live now! Make now always the most precious time. Now will never come again.
- There is a way out of every box, a solution to every puzzle; it's just a matter of finding it.
Spock
- Change is the essential process of life.
- The needs of the many outweigh the needs of the few, or the one.
- Insults are effective only where emotion is present.
- Logic is the beginning of wisdom, not the end.
Tuvok
- We often fear what we do not understand. Our best defense is knowledge.
- Do not mistake composure for ease.
- Without the darkness how would we recognize the light? ... Do not fear your negative thoughts. They are part of you. They are a part of every living being. To pretend it does not exist is to create an opportunity for it to escape.
