Kala/affixes

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See also: Kala lexicon

These are the functional affixes used in Kala.


pa ta ka ma na nya sa ha tsa tla ua la ya a

pa

from pala
na mokuyepak - 1s sleep-PST-ABIL-NEG - I was unable to sleep.
nam mue pana ke mauam anyapak - 1pl without rain O flower-PL see-ABIL-NEG - We cannot see the flowers without rain.
  • -pya marks the Attemptative (ATT)
from upya
neko ke panya matapya - cat O mouse kill-ATT - The cat is trying to kill the mouse.
ima ha inapyak - now 3s eat-ATT-NEG - She hasn't tried to eat yet.

mpa

  • -mpa marks "many/much~" (many)
from mpa (originally from -m "plural" + -ha "augmentative")
yemitampa - DIST-dog-many - Those many dogs (over there).

ta

from tlaka
mo ke umata hayo ka - place O horse-MASC 3s.GEN Q - Where's her stallion?
from teya
ke asi yetate - O salt give-PREC - Will you please pass me the salt?
simate - sit-PREC - Please, sit.
from tiha
tiueta'o - MUL-ten-two - duodecuple
  • -to marks "manner/method of ~" (way)
from to
yamato - mountain-way - mountaineering
muhito - environment-way - environmentalism

nta

  • -nta marks "relative; kin" (kin)
from to
ntaku - sibling - sibling
ntaya - kin-marriage - spouse

ka

from ketsa
ha tsakahueke - 3s home-LOC-DUB - I guess he is at home. lit: He is at home, supposedly.
kam inyake - 3pl hunger-DUB - (It's doubtful that) they are hungry.

ma

  • -ma marks "time for ~" (time.for)
from ama
yomatli tsulama - tomorrow clebrate-time.for - Tomorrow is time for celebration.

na

from naka
mo ke umana hayo ka - place O horse-FEM 3s.GEN Q - Where's his mare?
from neya
ta mokune - 2s sleep-PROP - You should sleep.
  • -ni marks "fine/pleasant/nice ~" (nice)
from niha
ha inanimyaye - 3s food-nice-CAUS-PST - He made nice food.
yomani - day-nice - Good day. / Hello.
from nua
tlaka ke apua tlatonua - man O song recite-FREQ - The man recites the song repetitively.

nya

  • -nyo marks "machine/tool/device for ~" (tool)
from mayo
ke amonyo tanyapua - O carry-tool break-PFV - The handle has been broken.
na ke ilanyo anya - 1s O fly-tool see - I see the plane.

sa

  • -sa marks "room for/of ~" (room)
from sala
nahi mokusahue hayo - girl sleep-room-LOC 3s.GEN - The girl is in her bedroom.
  • -si marks "color of ~" (color)
from sahi
timasi ena kyopo - blood-color P.1s fright - The color of blood (dark red) frightens me.
ke senusi hayo ka - O hair-color 3s.GEN Q - What color is her hair?

ha

from taha
ke tsakaha kamyo nyome - O house-AUG 3pl.GEN beige - Their mansion is beige.
from heya
nahi na'amyo nya mase onyohe - daughter 1pl.EXCL.GEN for dance learn-NEC - Our daughter needs to learn to dance.
ta yalahek - 2s go-NEC-NEG - You don't need to go.
from ahi
na mitahi anyayek - 1s dog-DIM see-PST-NEG - I did not see the puppy.

tsa

  • -tsa marks "damned/cursed ~" (damn)
from tsaya
na itantitsa nomok - 1s PROX-truck-damn enjoy-NEG - I don't like this damned truck!

tla

from atli and ahi
na tlelatlai - 1s bathe-IMM - I'll bathe soon. (within the day)
from atli
naka tahi tlepatli - woman boy teach-FUT - The woman will teach the boy.

ua

  • -ua marks "study of; ~ study" (study)
from kuaha
ha ke kehaua onyotli - 3s O body-study learn-FUT - He will study biology.

la

  • -la marks the Motive (MOT)
from yala
nam tahela - 1pl below-MOT - We're descending.
kam ua'elapua - 3pl above-MOT-PFV - They've ascended.
  • -la marks the Mutative (MUT)
from ela
na inyala - 1s hunger-MUT - I'm getting hungry.
from ula
ke kola hina ka - O AG.INDEF here Q - Is someone here?
ke mitala hinak - O dog-INDEF here-NEG - There aren't any dogs here.
from ele
See -tle
  • -li marks "each; every" (each)
from oli
mitali inapua - dog-each eat-PFV - Each dog has eaten.
from ma
See -m

ya

a

Notes

  1. The -u / u- is used to replace redundant syllables.
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