Kala/affixes

See also: Kala lexicon

These are the functional affixes used in Kala. There are notes at the bottom of the page to explain exceptions and special cases.

pa

-pa is taken from pala, meaning "be able; can; ability; be possible". It is used to convey the concept of capability or what is possible. It can also be analyzed as a abilitative mood [ABIL] affix.

• na inapa

I am able to eat.

• kamena anyapayek

They were unable to see me.

pe

-pe is taken from peya, meaning "part of; piece of". It is used to convey the concept of a partitive construction or what is partial.

• etla inape

It is a crumb.

• itsakape hikyampa

This section of the house is very old.

po

-po is taken from nipo, meaning "compel, force". It is used to convey the concept being forced or compelled to do something.

• ena inapo

I am compelled to eat.

• ha'ena inapopapuak

She has not been able to compel me to eat.

pu

-pu is taken from puku, meaning "attire; clothes; clothing". It is used to mark clothing as it relates to the portion of the body it covers.

• mo anapu tayo ka

Where is your hat?

• yakapu kue hakanke

A pant leg is not pants.

pua

-pua is taken from opua, meaning "finished; complete". It is used to mark the perfective aspect.

• ha inapua

He has eaten.

• ta ke mita anyapuaye ka

Had you seen the dog?

pya

-pya is taken from upya, meaning "attempt; try". It is used to mark the attemptive mood.

• ona hayo inapya

Her mother is trying to eat.

• ta topupyaye ka

Did you try to jump?

pye

-pye is taken from kupye, meaning "too much/many; excessive(ly)". It is used to indicate excessiveness.

• ke inapye

There's too much food.

• kam tanapyenua

They often fight too much.

affix	modifies	gloss	derived from	example
-pyo	n / v	disease; ill; sick	pyoki	tsinipyo diabetes
-pao	n / v	crooked; warped; unbalanced	payo	anyapao a crooked eye
-mpa	n	many; much; a lot	mpa	mitampa ina Many dogs are eating.
-mpe	n / v	only; just; merely [LIM]	amye	tlanampe kala Only people speak.
-mpo	n / v	bad; unfavorable; poor quality	mala	inampo bad/rotten food
-mpu	n	shaped like ~; ~ form	umpu	pyotampu cube shaped

affix	modifies	gloss	derived from	example
-ta	n	male; masculine [MASC]	tlaka	umata stallion
-tai	n	named; (so-)called ~	ata	kumatai a so-called bear
-te	v	propose; request [PREC]; suggest	teya	inate Please eat.
ti-	num	diverse; multi-; multiply	tiha	tika'o septuplet; seven times
-to	n / v	manner; method; way	to	yamato mountaineering

affix	modifies	gloss	derived from	example
-kan	n / v	leader; chief; senior	kana	mitakan alpha-dog
-ke	v	doubt; suspect; suspicion [dubitative DUB]	ketsa	ta unyake [it is doubted that] you know
ki-	num	next; order; sequence [ordinal]	tsuki	kiha'o third; 3rd
-ko (-tlo)	n / v	agentive [AG]; one who ~	ko	yalako walker
-kua	n	all; entire; every; whole	kua	mitakua hinatle all dogs that are here
-kya	v	co-hortative [HORT]	kya	yalakya Let's go.
-kyo	n / v	college; school; university	hakyo	hayakyo veterinarian school
-kyo	v	fast; rapidly; quickly	kyolo	nam inakyo We eat quickly.
-nke (-k)	n / v	negative [NEG]; no; not	nke	hinak not [be] here
-nko	v	continue; proceed; progressive [PROG]	nkoso	ha mokunko She is sleeping.
-nku	pro	reciprocate; [in] return; reciprocal [RECP]	anku	nanku anyatli we will see each other

affix	modifies	gloss	derived from	example
-m (-lo)	n	general plural	ma	mitam dogs
-ma	n / v	time for/to ~	ama	inama (the) time to eat
-me	v	cancel; undo ~	kume	iname vomit [un-eat]
-mi	n	few; small amount [paucal PAU]	ma + ahi	mitami moku a few dogs sleep
-mo	n / v	location; place; where	mo	inamo restaurant; diner
-mu	v	begin; initial; start [inchoative INCH]	mula	ha inamu he begins to eat
-mua	n / v	lack, be without, be in need of; insufficient	pamua	inamua famine ; hunger
-mue	n / v	man-made; artificial; synthetic	ume	motsimue plastic bag
-mya	v	cause; do; make [causative CAUS]	muya	ta'ena nukumya You cause me to hate.
-mye	v	redo; resume	muyaye	ha inamye She is eating (it) again.
-myo	v	allow; permit [permissive PERM]	myonta	eta inamyo You are allowed to eat.

affix	modifies	gloss	derived from	example
-n (-no)	v	adverbial; object; thing-like; (-ish, -ly, -ous)	no	mita oyan a blackish dog
-na	n	woman; feminine [FEM]	naka	umana mare
-nai	n / v	type of food; food of ~	ina	mitanai dog food
-ne	v	ought to; suggest [SUG]	neya	ta inane You should eat.
-ni	n / v	good; pleasant; regular	niha	inani nice food / fine cuisine
-nua	n / v	frequent; often; regular [FREQ]	nua	kam inanua They eat frequently.

affix	modifies	gloss	derived from	example
-nyo	n / v	device; equipment; tool [INSTR]	mayo	inanyo eating utensil [fork; spoon]

affix	modifies	gloss	derived from	example
-sa	n / v	room; chamber; section	sala	inasa dining room
-si	n / v	color of ~	sahi	senusi hair color
-so	n	class; type; kind	so	mitaso a dog breed
-su	n / v	market; shop; store	suku	inasu grocery; food market
-sue	v	prepare; get/be ready	yaso	na inasue I am ready to eat.

affix	modifies	gloss	derived from	example
-ha	n / v	augmentative [AUG]; big; large	taha	mitaha ina The big dog eats.
-he	n / v	need; necessity; require [NEC]	heya	ta inahe You need to eat.
-hi	n / v	diminutive [DIM]; few; small	ahi	mitahi puppy (small dog)
-ho	v	assert; claim; state	toho	ta pakaho (it is asserted that) You are dumb.
-hu	n / v	aggressive; drastic; extreme	kyohu	mita oyahu an extremely black dog
-hua	n / v	flower; plant; flora	maua	nekohua cattail (typha)
-hue	n	locative [LOC]	hue	ha tsakahue She's at home.
-hya	n / v	animal; fauna	haya	tsakahya pen; habitat; cage
-hyo	n	juice; extract; liquid from ~	hyota	pomahyo apple juice

affix	modifies	gloss	derived from	example
-tsa	n / v	damn [general invective]	tsaya	mitatsa a damned dog
-tse	v	appear; seem	tse'e	ha inatse She seems to be eating.
tsi-	n	angle; bend; corner	atsi	tsiya'o pentagon (five angles)
-tso	n / v	center; middle; mid-; half	tsoya	kunyetso half-moon
-tsu	n	flesh; meat; pulp	kutsu	manotsu chicken meat
-tsua	n / v	almost; nearly; more-or-less	tsua	ha hinatsua She is almost here.
-tsue	v	late; delayed; slow	tsipue	mita empatsue The dog runs slowly.

affix	modifies	gloss	derived from	example
-tla	n / v	language; dialect; speech	kala	nihonotla Japanese [language]
-tle (-le)	v	relative clause marker [REL]	ele	na nahi inatle unya I know the girl that/who is eating.
tli-	n	collective plural [COL]; group; pack	tatli	tlimita malo a pack of brown dogs
-tli	v	future tense [FUT]	atli	na inatli I will eat.

affix	modifies	gloss	derived from	example
ua-	n	that (by you) [MED]	uatla	uamita hayo That dog (by you) is his/hers.
-ua	n / v	science of ~; study of ~	kuaha	hayaua veterinarian medicine
-ue	n / v	intenion; desire; will [VOL]	ueha / ueyo	na inaue I want/intend to eat.

affix	modifies	gloss	derived from	example
-la	v	go; move in direction of	yala	ha nahela She is going inside.
-la	n / v	become; change/turn into ~	ela	ha inyala She is becoming hungry.
-la	n	any; indefinite; some ~	ula	mola anywhere; somewhere; wherever
-li	n	apiece; each; every	oli	mitali kinya Each dog is silver.

affix	modifies	gloss	derived from	example
-ya	n	in-law; relative by marriage	tlaya	nakuya sister-in-law
ye-	n	that (over there) [DIST]	yetla	ta yemita anya ka Do you see that dog (over there)?
-ye	v	past tense [PST]	aye	na inaye I ate.
-yo	n	possessive [POSS]; genitive [GEN]	yoha	mita nayo my dog

affix	modifies	gloss	derived from	example
e-	n	object; patient [P]	eke	eta unya You are known.
i-	n	this (by me) [PROX]	itla	imita nayo This dog is mine.
-i	n / v	reflexive [REFL]	ki	na'i tlela I bathe myself.
o-	n	venerated; honored	o	otsaka The honorable home.
-u / u-	n / v	(double for redundant syllable)	u	tsaka taha'u The very large house.

Notes

1. The -u / u- is used to replace redundant syllables.