User:Masako/nkala

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Word order

  • SOV
  • Attributes follow the words that they modify.

Phonology

Syllable structure is (C)V

Consonants

Labial Coronal Dorsal
Nasal m n
Plosive p t k
Fricative s
Approximant w l j

Clusters

  • Nasalized: /ᵐp ⁿt ᵑk/
  • Labialized:/pʷ kʷ mʷ nʷ ʃʷ t͡ʃʷ/
  • Palatalized: /pʲ kʲ mʲ ɲ/
  • the cluster tl is /t͡ɬ/ or /t͡l/

Vowels

  • /a e i o/
a e i o

Nouns

Classifiers

  • la- - object; thing [generic noun]
  • lo- - abstract idea
  • na- - person; human
  • nya- - tool; device; vehicle
  • tla- - masculine; male [MASC]
  • tli- - food
  • tsa- - color of ~
  • ya- - inanimate; material; stuff
  • yi- - feminine; female [FEM]

Determiners

  • mi- - other; different
  • nyi- - self; reflexive [REFL]
  • nyo- - next
  • pe- - so-called; reportative [REP]
  • sa- - sort; kind of
  • ti- - last
  • we- - this; near me [PROX]
  • wi- - that; near you [MED]; over there [DIST]

Number

Nouns are marked for various quantities:

  • ka- - plural [PL]
  • ma- - many; much
  • me- - all; every
  • mo- - group; collection; mass of
  • ne- - one; a
  • pa- - dual; pair of; both [DU]
  • tsi- - few; little [quantity]
  • yo- - piece of

Qualifiers

  • a- - venerated [honorific]
  • kwi- - good; regular; normal
  • si- - small; diminutive; dear
  • so- - bad; unpleasant
  • ta- - big; large
  • tso- - lacking respect; damn

Pronouns

singular dual plural
1 wa- pwa- kwa-
2 ni- (m)pi- (n)ki-
3 o- po- ko-

Verb arguments (i.e. subject, direct object, indirect object) are indicated with pronominal affixes which are added to verb stems. The pronominal affixes are inflected according to number (singular, dual, and plural) and person (1st, 2nd, etc.).

subject object verb tense / aspect / mood
ko- wa- kop -i
3pl 1sg harm PST
kowakopi
They harmed me.

Verbs

Tense

Verbs are either non-past or past.

  • wa-kwit-a
1sg-eat-NPST
I eat. / I am eating. / I will eat.
  • wa-kwit-i
1sg-eat-PST
I ate.

Other verb modifiers

  • ak - equally; also; as much as [CONJ]
  • al - repetitive; frequentative [FREQ]
  • am - question [Q]
  • amp - as if; seem to
  • amw - causative [CAUS]
  • amy - diminutive [DIM]
  • an - instead; rather; but
  • ank - like to
  • ant - more
  • any - try to; attempt [ATT]
  • ap - want [VOL]
  • as - while [DUR]
  • at - augmentative [AUG]
  • atl - possibility; potential [POT]
  • ats - because; since
  • aw - be allowed
  • ay - to intend to [VOL]
  • ik - suggestive [SUG]
  • il - necessity [NEC]
  • im - so that; in order to
  • imp - then; thereafter
  • imy - to undo
  • in - previously; already
  • ink - well; enough
  • iny - ability [ABIL]
  • ip - unless
  • is - too little; not enough
  • it - too much
  • itl - finished [perfect]
  • its - instead of
  • iw - until; before
  • iy - stop oneself; cease [not prevent]
  • uk - negative; no; not [NEG]
  • ul - then; therefore
  • um - suddenly
  • ump - so long as
  • umy - obligation
  • un - less
  • unk - hate to
  • unt - intensifier
  • uny - begin; become [INCEP]
  • up - if [but not] irrealis
  • us - always
  • ut - to be about to
  • utl - progressive; continuing
  • uts - if [possible]
  • uy - probably; likely

Stems

  • kam - symbol; write; mark
  • kop - harm; hurt; corrupt
  • kwit - eat; nourish; bread
  • mak - want; desire; love
  • mal - speak; talk
  • n - know; see
  • natl - sleep; rest; relax
  • nay - loud; noise; roar
  • nyak - fire; burn; light
  • t - be; exist [COP]
  • tlil - bathe; wash
  • wap - rhythm; pulse; meter
  • way - go; move; walk
  • y - have; belong; get
  • yam - delight; happy; toy; glad
  • yap - be green; foliage; plant

Examples

  • opone
o-po-n-e
3sg-3du-see-PST
He saw them (two).
  • kiwayoka
ki-way-ok-a
2pl-go-NEG-NPST
You (all) are not going.
  • konatlinyoke
ku-natl-iny-uk-i
3pl-sleep-ABIL-NEG-PST
They were unable to sleep.
  • kwamale
kwa-mal-e
1pl-speak-PST
We spoke.
  • nitamate
ni-t-am-at-e
2sg-COP-Q-AUG-PST
Were you long ago?
  • pinyitlilika
pi-nyi-tlil-ik-a
2du-REFL-wash-SUG-NPST
You [two] should wash yourselves.
  • wana yapo
wa-n-a yap-o
1sg-see-NPST be.green-NOM
I see [the] plant.

notes

for word generator:

C=ptkmnswlyqxcf
V=aáàiíìuúù
P=aiu
V=aeioāēīō
c|ts
f|ny
kw[uúù]|kwa
n[nml]|n
np|mp
q|kw
tl[uúù]|tla
w[uúù]|wa
x|tl
c|ts
f|ny
x|tl
q|kw
n[nml]|n
np|mp
wo|wa
w[ōo]|wa

text

  • Kwiyo notaminotso tasoni tsoneno nyemeya.
  • Tletayene pika kwipiyi peseyenya mipopa tlaki.
  • Losisiye ma yesetso ye ketlo pitso.
  • Kewi nyokwipatla yinya kolo yano tlominewa?
  • Kwiko yoyoyoyo yali. We nino tlitoko nitekwe tsala.
  • Leko me miwe papana lotso tsotlo.
  • Tse nona kawa napate keletli sometlepenye?
  • Nyase yinyanyo yekwalo nenewa tlatlo tetso.
  • Noko tolene potsakeki wali kwemoyo tenape koni?
  • Nyanya yeya noki waye tlonyakwana.
  • Nyayitsipa yapasemo tseka malolemo sokwaponya wewa.
  • Kwi satsa siyi lileta tlitlekonepo kose.
  • Tayowa tlika tla latlanyine notli tsanyele?
  • Talo tlele nanye yama moniwika.