User:Masako/nkala
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Word order
- SOV
- Attributes follow the words that they modify.
Phonology
Syllable structure is (C)V
Consonants
Labial | Coronal | Dorsal | |
---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | |
Plosive | p | t | k |
Fricative | s | ||
Approximant | w | l | j |
Clusters
- Nasalized: /ᵐp ⁿt ᵑk/
- Labialized:/pʷ kʷ mʷ nʷ ʃʷ t͡ʃʷ/
- Palatalized: /pʲ kʲ mʲ ɲ/
- the cluster tl is /t͡ɬ/ or /t͡l/
Vowels
- /a e i o/
- a e i o
Nouns
Classifiers
- la- - object; thing [generic noun]
- lo- - abstract idea
- na- - person; human
- nya- - tool; device; vehicle
- tla- - masculine; male [MASC]
- tli- - food
- tsa- - color of ~
- ya- - inanimate; material; stuff
- yi- - feminine; female [FEM]
Determiners
- mi- - other; different
- nyi- - self; reflexive [REFL]
- nyo- - next
- pe- - so-called; reportative [REP]
- sa- - sort; kind of
- ti- - last
- we- - this; near me [PROX]
- wi- - that; near you [MED]; over there [DIST]
Number
Nouns are marked for various quantities:
- ka- - plural [PL]
- ma- - many; much
- me- - all; every
- mo- - group; collection; mass of
- ne- - one; a
- pa- - dual; pair of; both [DU]
- tsi- - few; little [quantity]
- yo- - piece of
Qualifiers
- a- - venerated [honorific]
- kwi- - good; regular; normal
- si- - small; diminutive; dear
- so- - bad; unpleasant
- ta- - big; large
- tso- - lacking respect; damn
Pronouns
singular | dual | plural | |
---|---|---|---|
1 | wa- | pwa- | kwa- |
2 | ni- | (m)pi- | (n)ki- |
3 | o- | po- | ko- |
Verb arguments (i.e. subject, direct object, indirect object) are indicated with pronominal affixes which are added to verb stems. The pronominal affixes are inflected according to number (singular, dual, and plural) and person (1st, 2nd, etc.).
subject | object | verb | tense / aspect / mood |
---|---|---|---|
ko- | wa- | kop | -i |
3pl | 1sg | harm | PST |
kowakopi | |||
They harmed me. |
Verbs
Tense
Verbs are either non-past or past.
- wa-kwit-a
- 1sg-eat-NPST
- I eat. / I am eating. / I will eat.
- wa-kwit-i
- 1sg-eat-PST
- I ate.
Other verb modifiers
- ak - equally; also; as much as [CONJ]
- al - repetitive; frequentative [FREQ]
- am - question [Q]
- amp - as if; seem to
- amw - causative [CAUS]
- amy - diminutive [DIM]
- an - instead; rather; but
- ank - like to
- ant - more
- any - try to; attempt [ATT]
- ap - want [VOL]
- as - while [DUR]
- at - augmentative [AUG]
- atl - possibility; potential [POT]
- ats - because; since
- aw - be allowed
- ay - to intend to [VOL]
- ik - suggestive [SUG]
- il - necessity [NEC]
- im - so that; in order to
- imp - then; thereafter
- imy - to undo
- in - previously; already
- ink - well; enough
- iny - ability [ABIL]
- ip - unless
- is - too little; not enough
- it - too much
- itl - finished [perfect]
- its - instead of
- iw - until; before
- iy - stop oneself; cease [not prevent]
- uk - negative; no; not [NEG]
- ul - then; therefore
- um - suddenly
- ump - so long as
- umy - obligation
- un - less
- unk - hate to
- unt - intensifier
- uny - begin; become [INCEP]
- up - if [but not] irrealis
- us - always
- ut - to be about to
- utl - progressive; continuing
- uts - if [possible]
- uy - probably; likely
Stems
- kam - symbol; write; mark
- kop - harm; hurt; corrupt
- kwit - eat; nourish; bread
- mak - want; desire; love
- mal - speak; talk
- n - know; see
- natl - sleep; rest; relax
- nay - loud; noise; roar
- nyak - fire; burn; light
- t - be; exist [COP]
- tlil - bathe; wash
- wap - rhythm; pulse; meter
- way - go; move; walk
- y - have; belong; get
- yam - delight; happy; toy; glad
- yap - be green; foliage; plant
Examples
- opone
- o-po-n-e
- 3sg-3du-see-PST
- He saw them (two).
- kiwayoka
- ki-way-ok-a
- 2pl-go-NEG-NPST
- You (all) are not going.
- konatlinyoke
- ku-natl-iny-uk-i
- 3pl-sleep-ABIL-NEG-PST
- They were unable to sleep.
- kwamale
- kwa-mal-e
- 1pl-speak-PST
- We spoke.
- nitamate
- ni-t-am-at-e
- 2sg-COP-Q-AUG-PST
- Were you long ago?
- pinyitlilika
- pi-nyi-tlil-ik-a
- 2du-REFL-wash-SUG-NPST
- You [two] should wash yourselves.
- wana yapo
- wa-n-a yap-o
- 1sg-see-NPST be.green-NOM
- I see [the] plant.
notes
for word generator:
C=ptkmnswlyqxcf V=aáàiíìuúù P=aiu V=aeioāēīō
c|ts f|ny kw[uúù]|kwa n[nml]|n np|mp q|kw tl[uúù]|tla w[uúù]|wa x|tl
c|ts f|ny x|tl q|kw n[nml]|n np|mp wo|wa w[ōo]|wa
text
- Kwiyo notaminotso tasoni tsoneno nyemeya.
- Tletayene pika kwipiyi peseyenya mipopa tlaki.
- Losisiye ma yesetso ye ketlo pitso.
- Kewi nyokwipatla yinya kolo yano tlominewa?
- Kwiko yoyoyoyo yali. We nino tlitoko nitekwe tsala.
- Leko me miwe papana lotso tsotlo.
- Tse nona kawa napate keletli sometlepenye?
- Nyase yinyanyo yekwalo nenewa tlatlo tetso.
- Noko tolene potsakeki wali kwemoyo tenape koni?
- Nyanya yeya noki waye tlonyakwana.
- Nyayitsipa yapasemo tseka malolemo sokwaponya wewa.
- Kwi satsa siyi lileta tlitlekonepo kose.
- Tayowa tlika tla latlanyine notli tsanyele?
- Talo tlele nanye yama moniwika.