Andanic languages

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The Andanic languages are those descended from Old Andanese.

Phonology

Old Andanese: /p m t n l k g h q kʷ gʷ hʷ ŋʷ qʷ/ for consonants, /a e i o u/ on two tones for vowels. Note that Old Andanese preserved the lack of /s/ passed down from the parent language. Note that all the fricatives (/h hʷ g gʷ/) are laryngeals. (The letter "g" always indicates a fricative; ġ is used for the stop in related languages but does not occur in Old Andanese. The Old Andanese cognate of the rare Gold language voiced velar stop /ġ/ is always /k/.)

Allophony and sandhi

Old Andanese /p/ and /t/ became voiced between vowels.

In general, Old Andanese is "vowel-strong", meaning that vowels affect the pronunciation of consonants more than the other way around. This is in contrast to most of the languages of the Gold family, where consonants differ very little in pronunciation from one environment to another but have strong effects on the vowels that surround them. The Gold family's languages also tend to have more complex syllables than Old Andanese.


Representation of dorsal consonants

Note, also, that /l/ patterns grammatically as a dorsal consonant, which means that from the viewpoint of the Old Andanese speakers, there were only four non-dorsal consonants in the language: /p m t n/.

Daughter languages

Old Andanese had a few daughter languages that survived, mostly spoken in Nama, before being overwhelmed by Khulls. THose that survived the longest tended to be found in the most isolated areas, but note that due to Nama's unusual geography, some of the most isolated areas were right along the coast.

There are four subfamilies of Andanic languages:

  • North Andanic languages, as exemplified by Galai. They are spoken in the mountains north of Subumpam. They tend to have a guttural sound, have few fricative consonants, and be nearly or entirely CV. All three of these traits were traits of Old Andanese as well, and also of the Gold language it arose from, which means that the North Andanic languages are the most conservative branch, at least superficially. (Note: Lyugi might be an outlier in this group.)
  • South Andanic languages, as exemplified by Olati. These languages tend to be "soft" in sound but otherwise very conservative.
  • West Andanic languages, spoken west of Nèye (no state name given on map).
  • Core Andanic, for Andanese itself. This was the dialect group that remained in the original homeland and remained a single language for its entire history.

Galà

See Gala language.

Olati

Possibly an entire family, since these speakers are more isolated from their neighbors than those of the other branches. However, as the evolution time is short, the languages will be very similar to each other and possibly best considered dialects with somewhat divergent phonologies.

Olati is "softer" than the others in that it pushes consonants forward in the mouth, like Pabappa. Labialization of dorsals and palatalization of dorsals both occur. That is, /kʷ gʷ hʷ ŋʷ qʷ/ > /p v f m p/, but /k g ŋ h/ > /t j n s/. Both shifts are unconditional. /q/ shifts to /k/; /n/ shifts to /r/(maybe). There are almost no changes of vowels or tones. None of the consonants shifts to hiatus, at least during the stage of common Olati before the dialects broke up.

NOTE, ITS POSSIBLE IT WAS K>T, H>S. I DONT HAVE THE SOURCE DOCUMENT ANYMORE
NOTE, PROBLEM!! THERE CANNOT BE BOTH /ŋʷ/ AND /ŋ/!!

Also, I suspect I did /n/ > /r/ unconditionally before I did /ŋ/ > /n/, as this language otherwise avoids large collisions. Note that there was no /s/ in the parent language, nor an /f/ or /v/; and that the labialized stop consonants that became /p/ were rare, as was /j/.

After /g/ > /j/, many words were created with the vowel sequences /ēa ēe ēi ēo ēu/, from former sequences of /ag eg og/ plus a vowel. (/ig ug/ went to ī.) These could contract into simple long vowels, with perhaps the /i/ versions contracting into /j/ + simple long vowels. Thus palatalization was created.

later sound changes

  • A possible further shift is /b d/ > /m n/, and then /v/ > /b/, yet again unconditionally. This would heal the gap left by the sound change of /n/>/r/ earlier in the lanuggae.
  • In one daughter language, /f s/ > /0 h/. In another, /f/ > /w/.

Udami

Spoken to the west of Galà.

  • Tones preserved.
  • /hʷ gʷ/ > /f w/, but other labials drop.
  • /q/ > /k/ unconditionally.
  • /b d/ > /p t/ (that is, allophonic voicing was reverted). Thus this language doesnt "suffer" from the lack of /t/ found in neighboring languages.
  • /g/ (still a fricative) > /x/, thus removing the last voiced/voiceless pair from the language.
  • Possibly a Palli-like "staircase shift" to get phonemic /s/. But how? Palli's was /fa fi fu sa si su ša ši šu ha hi hu/ > /fa fi fu sa si su sa si fu fa si fu/. This shift could have been affected by front vowels on *both* sides of the consonant. For sure, /h/ is the "weakest" consonant, probably shifting away completely by changing to /s/, /x/, or /f/, depending on the surrounding consonants. Even with all of this, /s/ will still be rare unless /k/ is somehow pulled into the shift.
  • Possibly /f w/ > /h 0/ later on. Under some circumstances, maybe also /p m/ > /h 0/, but the /m/ nasalizes vowels and thus causes a final -n.

Lyugi

A language that changed more than the others. Spoken in the mountains of Repilia. Possibly a "Tarise" language.

  • High vowels were deleted in unstressed syllables in some environments, creating consonant clusters. They were never deleted after labialized consonants, however, or when long (though all long vowels were stressed anyway). There are now palatalized and labialized versions of consonants, and these can occur before other consonants, but the plain (/a/) consonants do so only very rarely. (e.g. /top/ "blood" was native.)
  • The labialization is deleted in most such clusters, while the palatalization moves towards /s/-like sounds and then is also deleted. However, before a vowel, labialization survives and then changes to a true /w/. Also, /q/ resisted palatalization.
  • Word-final consonants in unstressed syllables are dleeted. (These words had two unstressed syllables in a row.)
  • Word-final consonants in stressed syllables are often deleted, changing the tone and length of the vowel.
  • Other clusters are generally resolved either by creating geminates, wholly new consonants, or making the preceding vowel long.
  • Perhaps /e o/ > /i u/ in environments where the previous /i u/ had disappeared. (c.f. some dialects of Greek) And perhaps in fact it is unconditional, such that unstressed syllables can only have /a i u/. Again this would not affect long vowels because they are always stressed.
  • /ʷa ʷe ʷi ʷo ʷu/ > /o o u u u/ (?) Some of these might be long vowels.
  • /e o/ > /ə/. Thus, this is now a four-vowel language.
  • /k/ > /c/, perhaps going further to /č/, /š/, or even /s/, when before /i/.
  • /q/ > /k/ unconditionally. (Thus, it does not delete itself.)
  • Intervocalically, /g/ > /0/ and /b/ > /w/. (/d/ > /r/, but this is considered just an allophone.) This may have been influenced by Khulls' shift.
  • The resulting vowel sequences change to single (usually long) vowels. The changes are again similar to those of Khulls, but definitely unrelated, as Khulls had done its shift more than a thousand years beforehand. Note that /o/ now only occurs where there was once a /b/, and /e/ only occurs where there was once a /g/. Possibly /ja/ > /e/, but /ai/ > /ē/ (also as in Khulls).
  • There should be more sound changes pushing towards /s/. All of the palatals, for example, up above could be simply merged together as /s/. (Escept nasals.)
PROBABLE FINAL PHONOLOGY

/p m/ <--- Note the lack of /b/ (because it was always intervocalic(?)) and of /w/ (considered just an allophone of /u/).

/t n s l r/ <--- Likewise /d~r/ is considered one phoneme. /s/ arises from multiple paths.

/c/ <-- Possibly just merges to /s/.

/k g ŋ h/ <--- Note that /g/ survived in initial position, and did not merge to any other sound.

/a e i o u ə/ <-- tentative. Schwa might merge to /o/ as in Japanese, to /u/ as in Khulls, or to /a/ as in Moonshine.

NOTE, also, that /p/ and /t/ will both be very rare phonemes in this language, and that might be a problem.

Table of cognates

The table below makes some assumptions, such as unconditional /k/ > /t/ in Olati.

Note that many roots are preserved only as parts of words rather than independent words, since this language family made abundant use of classifier prefixes to pad problematic words that collided with other words. This means that the homophones, especially those found in Late Andanese, did not cause problems in comprehension. For example, the word for "dolphin" appears to be a compound of sa "love" and gu "breast", but the two smaller words are used with classifiers only. Other words are attested but not often used: for example, the common word for torch in Late Andanese is not hunupu but the related ihunu.

Furthermore in these languages, especially Classical (and Late) Andanese, there are no differences between the sound changes that take place word-internally and those take affect independent words.

Also, semantic shifts are not given here.

This also assumes Galà ēa > yā, but īa > ya. As in Japanese, the shfit fails if the second element is /e/ or /i/.

Old Andanese meaning Galà Proto-Olati Lyugi Late Andanese
kakŏbe tree kakŏbe tatŏbe kakē kakupi
lonŏṁ[1] orange lonŏn lorō (?) lunu
gimòga whip gimòga yimā imua
gegŭbo [2] semen gegŭbo yúbo gigū yupu
hʷekăl seaweed hekā fetā (?) hukā
hʷèyunge claw hyūnge fūne (?) sugi
kŏgu tree bark kŏgu
agʷùdu countryside, plain field agùdu avùdu alutu
galàqi Galàqi (placename) galà yalàki alai
hʷèyabe the Sĕyepa religion hyābe fābe hiapi (sapi?)
pudigʷèyo diaper pudigyō pudivō putiliu
lìya beaver lyă (?) lyā (?) lia
nàgo nòma honeybee nagonòma rōroma (?) naguma
hìqi key sìki hii
heyăbo lap (body part); pubis hyābo sábo sapu
lòqa mouth lòka lua
làda girl, woman; child làda làda làra lata
qĕi wheel i
qèga sawgrass kèga ya
hʷàhʷa hair of the head hàha fàfa haha
gʷū milk lu
qʷū urine; pee pu
ukòna wine ukòna utòra ukuna
hʷŭba Fuba (a placename and tribal name)[3] hŭba fŭba hupa
a type of tall grass; cognate to gʷăga pi
hip; side face pi
hʷŭm breast; nipple hun fū(?) gu
hĭbo cranberry hĭbo sĭbo hipu
gìbi[4] water ipi
hʷugʷàyi menstrual pad hugē fuvī hulai
kùqi bird's beak kùi tùki kui
hṅda snow hĭnda gina(?)
qŏqu rain kō(?) kŏku wu
qùne slicing knife kùne kùre uni
gʷàda nŏda Heaven; spiritual paradise gadanŏda vadarŏda latanuta
hʷonùbu torch honùbu forùbu hunupu
kulagʷī step; stair kulagī tulavī kulali
ăpmi woman; female àmi ami
hʷèdu duck (bird) hèdu fèdu hitu
hʷeyahʷŭm[5] dolphin hyāhun(?) fāfū (?) sagu
ùqi eye ù ùki wi
hʷō fire hu
hʷiă love hyă fyá sa
nŭbu fruit that grows on trees nŭbu rŭbu nupu

Notes

  1. given as lonŏmĩ in red dict
  2. from a parent langaueg from given as bebhŭpo in red dict
  3. Same as papsa
  4. Check this. This is either an error or a very rare tone-changing sound shift.
  5. given as fe-afŭm in red dict. Not cognate to the word for breast.