Khulls nouns inflect using a fusional declension system. Though not as complicated at that of Poswa, the declensions differ more from each other because Khulls uses a "discrete" declension system instead of deriving inflections based on every phoneme in the word, as does Poswa.
Noun declension tables
Primary vowel-stem declensions
Final unstressed short vowels
| Nominative
|
(English)
|
Accusative
|
Locative
|
Possessive
|
Dative
|
Circumstantial
|
Essive
|
Instrumental
|
| òṭa
|
table, desk
|
oṭà
|
oṭâ
|
oṭas
|
oṭal
|
oṭan
|
oṭī
|
oṭō
|
| ḳĭri
|
happiness, victory
|
ḳirì
|
ḳirî
|
ḳiris
|
ḳiril
|
ḳirin
|
ḳirĕ
|
ḳiġʷ
|
| nìto
|
price, penalty
|
nitò
|
nitô
|
nitos
|
nitol
|
niton
|
nikʷ
|
nitū
|
Nouns ending with final stressed short low-tone vowels follow the same patterns as above.
Final accent, high tone
This table shows nouns that are accented on their final syllable, with a short high-tone vowel at the end of the word:
| Nominative
|
(English)
|
Accusative
|
Locative
|
Possessive
|
Dative
|
Circumstantial
|
Essive
|
Instrumental
|
| egà
|
daytime sky
|
egaḳà
|
egaḳâ
|
egaḳas
|
egaḳal
|
egaḳan
|
egaḳī
|
egaḳō
|
| gʷì
|
beach
|
gʷiḳì
|
gʷiḳî
|
gʷiḳis
|
gʷiḳil
|
gʷiḳin
|
gʷiḳĕ
|
gʷiḳʷ
|
| makò
|
seal (animal)
|
makoḳò
|
makoḳô
|
makoḳos
|
makoḳol
|
makoḳon
|
makoḳʷ
|
makoḳū
|
| ʕʷè
|
tendril
|
ʕʷeḳà
|
ʕʷeḳâ
|
ʕʷeḳas
|
ʕʷeḳal
|
ʕʷeḳan
|
ʕʷeḳī
|
ʕʷeḳō
|
Nouns ending in -ù follow the pattern for -ò, because they arose from labialization of a vowel that otherwise became /o/.
A "double essive" case is sometimes seen in the -ò declension, where the final labialized consonant loses its labialization and adds -ī.
| Nominative
|
(English)
|
Accusative
|
Locative
|
Possessive
|
Dative
|
Circumstantial
|
Essive
|
Instrumental
|
| p
|
teacher
|
p
|
pʷ
|
pṡ
|
pḷ
|
pṅ
|
pī
|
pō
|
Nouns with word-final falling tone, long vowels
| Nominative
|
(English)
|
Accusative
|
Locative
|
Possessive
|
Dative
|
Circumstantial
|
Essive
|
Instrumental
|
| pā
|
school
|
pâ
|
pâ
|
pâs
|
pâl
|
pân
|
pê
|
pô
|
| mī
|
bottle
|
bè
|
bê
|
bes
|
bel
|
ben
|
bē
|
bē
|
| kʷō
|
bed
|
kʷaʕʷù
|
kʷaʕʷû
|
kʷaʕʷus
|
kʷaʕʷul
|
kʷaʕʷun
|
kʷaʕʷ
|
kʷaʕʷū
|
Secondary vowel-stem declensions
| Nominative
|
(English)
|
Accusative
|
Locative
|
Possessive
|
Dative
|
Circumstantial
|
Essive
|
Instrumental
|
| xʷèye
|
curved claw
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| kʷăkʷ
|
stone tablet
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| empĕ
|
sword
|
empyì
|
empyî
|
empyis
|
empyil
|
empyin
|
empyĕ
|
empyŭ
|
| mī
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ḳē
|
wheel
|
ḳê
|
ḳê
|
ḳês
|
ḳêl
|
ḳên
|
ḳê
|
ḳêʕʷ
|
| lū
|
milk
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
- NOTE, possibly eliminate the first two rows of the secondaries, since final -e and final -u can only come from stressed positions even if in a compound where they are unstressed, except for when the /e/ follows /u/, in which case it comes from /u/ or /a/.
Tertiary vowel-stem declensions
| Nominative
|
(English)
|
Accusative
|
Locative
|
Possessive
|
Dative
|
Circumstantial
|
Essive
|
Instrumental
|
| atá
|
spirit
|
atakà
|
atakâ
|
atakas
|
atakal
|
atakan
|
atakī[1]
|
atakō
|
| šonorí
|
depravity, perversion
|
šonorikà
|
šonorikâ
|
šonorikas
|
šonorikal
|
šonorikan
|
šonorikī[1]
|
šonorikō
|
| ló
|
flower petal
|
lokà
|
lokâ
|
lokas
|
lokal
|
lokan
|
lokī[1]
|
lokō
|
| lé
|
diaper
|
lekà
|
lekâ
|
lekas
|
lekal
|
lekan
|
lekī [1]
|
lekō
|
| Nominative
|
(English)
|
Accusative
|
Locative
|
Possessive
|
Dative
|
Circumstantial
|
Essive
|
Instrumental
|
| amâ
|
whip
|
amâ
|
amâ
|
amâs
|
amâl
|
amân
|
amê
|
amô
|
| gʷî
|
spy, thief
|
gʷî
|
gʷî
|
gʷîs
|
gʷîl
|
gʷîn
|
gʷê
|
gʷŭ
|
| dô
|
swamp
|
dô
|
dô
|
dôs
|
dôl
|
dôn
|
daʕʷ
|
dô
|
| hʷê
|
military road
|
hʷê
|
hʷê
|
hʷês
|
hʷêl
|
hʷên
|
hʷê[2]
|
hʷê
|
| ḳʷû
|
urine
|
ḳʷuʕʷù
|
ḳʷuʕʷû
|
ḳʷuʕʷus
|
ḳʷuʕʷul
|
ḳʷuʕʷun
|
ḳʷuʕʷ
|
ḳʷuʕʷū
|
Final -ú might not exist because of retention of the final /kp/ cluster as /p/ rather than deletion.
Primary consonant-stem declensions
| Nominative
|
(English)
|
Accusative
|
Locative
|
Possessive
|
Dative
|
Circumstantial
|
Essive
|
Instrumental
|
| gis
|
fruit tree
|
gixì
|
gixî
|
gixis
|
gixil
|
gixin
|
gixĕ
|
gixʷ
|
| maŋan
|
prey
|
maŋaŋà
|
maŋaŋâ
|
maŋaŋas
|
maŋaŋal
|
maŋaŋan
|
maŋaŋī
|
maŋaŋō
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Notes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 if analogy takes over, perhaps assisted by sḳī > kī
- ↑ hʷ + ya + ʕī
