Seebee

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Seebee

Verbal Morphology

There are 61 verb classes in Seebee. One class contains irregular verbs, and is abbreviated Irr. in the Seebee dictionary. The other classes consist of three types, 3 in the first type (denoted by the Roman numerals I, II and III), 2 in the second type (denoted by the lower case letters a and b) and 10 in the third type (denoted by upper case letters or by Arabic numerals). These types together make up 60 classes (3×2×10). Each regular verb belongs to each of the three types. For example, ʻkau (buy) is of class I-a-3.
Verbs in class I are 1-2 syllables long, verbs in class II are 2 syllables, and verbs in class III are 2-3 syllables. Class II and III verbs have two alternative stems, 1 and 2, while class I verbs have only one stem. Different conjugations call for different stems.
Verbs in class a have final stress, while verbs in class b can be stressed on any syllable, including the final. However, monosyllabic verbs are unstressed if they belong to class a, and stressed if the belong to class b.
The final type of class has the following categories: B, G, L, M, N, S, 1, 2, 3, 4. Verbs in classes B, G, L, M and N have their lemma form end in -bu, -gu, -lu, -mu and -nu respectively. Verbs in class S end with -s. Verbs in class 1 and 2 end with ·. The difference is that in some conjugations, this · turns into -g- if the verb is class 1, and -d- or -j- if the verb is class 2. Verbs in class 3 end with -au, -iu, -oo, -ue or -uu. Verbs in class 4 end with -lu, but they conjugate differenly than verbs in the L class.
There are nine different conjugations in Seebee. Tenses, polarities, moods and politeness levels, and combinations thereof not covered by one of these nine conjugations are expressed by a combination of one of the nine conjugations and some periphrastic words.

Lemma

This is the form under which verbs are listed in the dictionary. The lemma form has stem 1. The lemma used alone has two meanings. 1: An infinitive, the lemma infinitive. 2: Present-positive-familiar.
The lemma followed by ʻdes stands for present-positive-polite. To form the past-positive-polite, the lemma is followed by deshta. Other words that are combined with the lemma include Seebee#to·, Seebee#ʻmo, Seebee#mae ʻni, Seebee#kaḷa, Seebee#noḍe, Seebee#naḷa, Seebee#daḷue, Seebee#deṣhue, Seebee#kaṃo, Seebee#ʻka ʻdoo ʻka, Seebee#ʻshi, Seebee#ʻna, Seebee#ʻto, Seebee#hoḍo and Seebee#laṣhii.

Familiar Conjugation

This conjugation form is used for the familiar-negative and familiar-hortative. A word in this form must take a suffix (either -ax for familiar-negative or -ue for familiar-hortative) to be grammatical. One could say that in this conjugation, the familiar politeness level is expressed in the stem change itself.

Familiar Conjugation
I-B, I-G, I-L, I-M, I-N I-S I-Z I-1 I-2 I-3 I-a-4 I-b-4
Rule u → Ø s → ṣ · → ġ · → ḍ u → Ø[1] (NEG), Vu → Vː[2] (HORT) lu → Ø
Lemma yoḅu sas ʻi· u· ʻkau neḷu ṃilu
FAM yoḅ- saṣ- iġ- uḍ- ka- (NEG), kax- (HORT) ne- ṃi- (NEG), mi- (HORT)
Class II-B, II-G, II-L, II-M, II-N II-S II-Z II-1 II-2 II-3 II-a-4 II-b-4
Rule u → Ø[3] s → ṣ[4] z → ẓ · → ġ[5] · → ḍ[6] u → Ø[7][8] (NEG), Vu → Vː[9][10] (HORT) lu → Ø[11]
Lemma ỵogu huẓu aḷu· aḷau kuḷu ḥyilu
FAM yoġ- huẓ- luġ- la- (NEG), lax- (HORT) ku- ḥyi- (NEG), hyi- (HORT)
III-B, III-G, III-L, III-M, III-N III-S III-Z III-1 III-2 III-3 III-a-4 III-b-4
Rule u → Ø s → ṣ · → ġ · → ḍ u → Ø[12] (NEG), Vu → Vː[13] (HORT) lu → Ø
Lemma kadaḷu goạs haḷa· koṇau kuleḷu shaḅelu
POL kadaḷ- go·aṣ- halaġ- ​ kona- (NEG), konax- (HORT) kule- shaḅe- (NEG), shabe- (HORT)
  1. ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ An epenthetic consonant is often required between the stem and the suffix. What the consonant is depends on the last vowel of stem as follows:
    1. i, ii → [j], written <y>
    2. u, uu → [v], written <v>
    3. a, ax, e → [ʔ], unwritten or written <·> depending on the word
    4. In some cases <·> is used for marking hiatus
  2. ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ If the word begins with a lone vowel, i.e. the first syllable consists of only a monophthong, then this monophthong is deleted.

In this table, classes that funtion similarly have been grouped together. The rule shows what part of the stem's end turn into what. An upper case V stands for any vowel and Ø for nothing. Examples follow with first words in their lemma form and then in the familiar conjugation form. A worded explanation follows:

  • In classes B, G, L, M, N the final -u is removed before the suffix is added. Stress is moved to the final syllable (to the suffix). If the verb is of class II, an initial lone vowel is also deleted from the stem.
  • In classes S and Z, no change happens at the stem end. But stress is moved to the final syllable (to the suffix). If the verb is of class II, an initial lone vowel is deleted from the stem.
  • In class 1, the final -· is replaced by -ġ. Stress is moved to the final syllable (to the suffix). If the verb is of class II, an initial lone vowel is also deleted from the stem.
  • In class 2, the final -· is replaced by -ḍ. Stress is moved to the final syllable (to the suffix). If the verb is of class II, an initial lone vowel is also deleted from the stem.
  • In class 3, different changes take place depending on whether it is the negative or hortative suffix that is added. The negative suffix -ax simply causes the final -u to be dropped from the stem. The hortative suffix -ue causes the final -u to be dropped and the vowel before that becoming long. (Note that the long form of a is ax.) Both suffixes may require the insertion of an epenthetic consonant between the stem and the suffix, and in both cases stress is moved to the final syllable (to the suffix). If the verb is of class II, an initial lone vowel is also deleted from the stem.
  • In class 4, the final -lu is deleted. Negative and hortative have different effects on the stress of class a-4 and b-4 verbs. In a-4 the stress is moved to the final syllable (to the suffix), regardless of which suffix is used. The hortative causes final stress also in class b-4, but the stress is kept in its original location in class b-4 when the negative suffix is used. If the verb is of class II, an initial lone vowel is also deleted from the stem.

Polite Conjugation

This conjugation pattern is used for the polite-negative and polite-hortative (marked by the suffixes -ṣee and -ṣhue respectively), and cannot be used without a suffix. One could say that the polite politeness level is expressed in the stem change itself. The stress of all verbs is moved to the final syllable (the suffix) in this conjugation form.

Polite Conjugation
I-B, I-G, I-L, I-M, I-N I-S I-Z I-1 I-2 I-3 I-4
Rule u → a s → sha · → ga · → ja Vu → a Vlu → a
Lemma yoḅu sas ʻi· u· ʻkau ṃilu
POL yoba- sasha- iga- uja- ka- ma-
II
Rule stem 1 → stem 2
Lemma ỵogu
POL oya-
III
Rule stem 1 → stem 2
Lemma haḷa·
POL ​ hada-

In this table, classes that funtion similarly have been grouped together. The rule shows what part of the stem's end turn into what. An upper case V stands for any vowel. Examples follow with first words in their lemma form and then in the polite conjugation form. A worded explanation follows:

  • For verbs in classes I-B, I-G, I-L, I-M and I-N the final -u is replaced by -a before the suffix is added.
  • In class I-S the final -s is replaced by -sha.
  • In class I-1 the final -· is replaced by -ga.
  • In class I-2 the final · is replaced by -ja.
  • In class I-3 the final diphthong is replaced by -a.
  • In class I-4 only the initial consonant of the word remains, and to this -a is added.
  • In class II and III, the second stem is used and the suffix is simply added without any other modifications.

Past-Conjunctive Conjugation

This conjugation pattern is used for the past and conjunctive forms (marked by the suffixes -a and -e respectively). A stem with this conjugation may not be used without either suffix.

Polite Conjugation
I-a-B[14] I-b-B I-a-G[15] I-b-G I-a-L[16] I-b-L I-a-M[17] I-b-M I-N[18] I-a-S[19] I-b-S I-Z I-a-1[20] I-b-1 I-a-2[21] I-b-2 I-a-3[22] I-b-3 I-a-4[23] I-b-4
Rule ḅu → ḍ bu → ːd ġu → iḍ gu → id ḷu → tṭ lu → tt ṃu → ḍ mu → ːd ṇu → ḍ s → shṭ s → sht · → iḍ · → id · → tṭ · → tt u → tṭ u → tt ḷu → ḍ lu → d
Lemma yoḅu kaġu ṇugu uḷu fuṃu ỵomu shiṇu ʻos ṣas ʻka· ḳa· ụ· ʻkau ḳau neḷu ṃilu
PST/CONJ yoḍ- kaiḍ- ṇuid- utṭ- fuḍ- ỵood- shiḍ- oshṭ- ṣasht- kaiḍ- ḳaid- ụtt- katṭ- ḳatt- neḍ- ṃid-
II-a-B II-b-B II-a-G II-b-G II-a-L II-b-L II-a-M II-b-M II-N II-a-S II-b-S II-Z II-a-1 II-b-1 II-a-2 II-b-2 II-a-3 II-b-3 II-a-4 II-b-4
Rule ḅu → ḍ[24] bu → ːd[25] ġu → iḍ[26] gu → id[27] ḷu → tṭ[28] lu → tt[29] ṃu → ḍ[30] mu → ːd[31] ṇu → ḍ[32] s → shṭ[33] s → sht[34] ẓu → shṭ[35] · → iḍ[36] · → id[37] · → tṭ[38] · → tt[39] u → tṭ[40] u → tt[41] ḷu → ḍ[42] lu → d[43]
Lemma
PST/CONJ
III-a-B III-b-B III-a-G III-b-G III-a-L III-b-L III-a-M III-b-M III-N III-a-S III-b-S III-Z III-a-1 III-b-1 III-a-2 III-b-2 III-a-3 III-b-3 III-a-4 III-b-4
Rule
Lemma
PST/CONJ
  1. ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ Monosyllabic verbs in this group are stressless, although such verbs only exist as irregular forms.
  2. ^ 
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